PREROGATIVE OF THE LEXICAL APPROACH IN COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING

The development of the Lexical Approach through Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) in TEFL has been hindered by disagreement as to the cause of L1 prior knowledge awareness of some lexis. The Lexical Approach theory claims that the most important difference is the increased understanding of the nature of lexis in naturally occurring language, and its potential contribution to language pedagogy. A review of studies investigating the effectiveness of the Lexical approach advanced by proponents of the Communicative approach (CLT) supported the validity of this phenomena. However, competing theories emphasise the importance of naturally occurring lexis features not addressed by CLT methodically. This article aims to critically assess and elaborate on how the emphasis on the lexical features of language use and learning are changing the methodology of TEFL nowadays. It was concluded that, while effective to some extent, the CLT is too restrictive to account for a full range of naturally acquired ‘chunks’, so cannot alone provide a comprehensive account of language practice.  Article visualizations

Apical Debris Extrusion with Conventional Rotary and Reciprocating Instruments

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the amount of apical debris extrusion after preparation using hand files, reciprocating files, and full rotary nickel-titanium systems. Methods and Materials: One hundred extracted human mandibular molars with two separated canals in mesial root were divided into five groups and prepared using reciprocating systems (Reciproc and Safesider endodontic reamer files), full rotary systems (Mtwo and Neoniti A1 files) and hand instrumentation systems. Endodontic access was prepared and a #15 K-file was passed beyond the apex of the mesiobuccal canal by 1 mm to ensure the canal patency. All mesiobuccal canals were prepared 1 mm shorter than the anatomic apex. In each case, extruded debris was collected in an Eppendorf tube and weighed after desiccation. The mean weight of extruded material was calculated in each group. The analysis was carried out using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by two tailed and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of 0.05. The Bonferroni correction was also applied to correct multiple comparisons. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the reciprocal and other techniques in debris extrusion (P<0.05). The order of groups ranked in terms of debris extrusion from the lowest to highest was as follows: 1) Hand instrumentation group (with crown down technique), 2) Mtwo group, 3) Neoniti A1 group, 4) Safesider endodontic reamer group, and 5) Reciproc group. Conclusion: Based on this in vitro study, all systems have some apical debris extrusion; however, using the hand instrumentation system resulted in extrusion of significantly less debris compared to the Reciproc group. It seems that hand and rotary instrumentation systems are better than reciprocating instrumentation systems in terms of the amount of debris extrusion.Keywords: Endodontics; Root Canal Preparation; Rotary Instrumentatio

Difference between the Actual and Labeled Concentrations of Several Domestic Brands of Sodium Hypochlorite

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is extensively used in root canal treatment and its efficacy depends on the concentration of free available chlorine (FAC). This study aimed to assess the chlorine content of 10 domestically manufactured household bleach products available in the Iranian market and evaluate the effect of temperature, time and daily bottle uncapping on FAC concentration and pH of these products. Methods and Materials: One-liter bottles of 10 available brands of household bleach (n=4 of each brand) were collected and randomly divided into four groups (n=10). Two groups were refrigerated at 4°C while the remaining two were stored at room temperature. One group of refrigerated and one group of room temperature samples were subjected to daily bottle uncapping followed by agitation and recapping for 3 months (six times a week to simulate weekly office work). The remaining bottles remained untouched and served as controls. The concentration of FAC in each sample was measured using the iodometric titration assay, and the pH was measured using a calibrated pH-meter at baseline and 1, 2 and 3 months. The results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t-test. Results: The mean concentration of FAC in the solutions was 4.87±0.19% at baseline. The measured concentration of sodium hypochlorite was different from the labeled value. The concentration of FAC decreased over time in all samples; the greatest reduction occurred in room temperature samples subjected to daily uncapping while the smallest reduction occurred in refrigerated, capped bottles (19% and 1.9%, respectively). The pH of all products decreased over time. The mean reduction in pH was 1.1 for the samples stored at room temperature for 3 months and 0.8 for the refrigerated samples. Conclusion: This in vitro study showed that the expected concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution made of household bleach for endodontic purposes is different from its actual concentration.Keywords: Chlorine Compounds; Hydrogen-ion Concentration; Root Canal; Sodium Hypochlorite

The impact of global economic crisis on the operations of Montenegrin economy

It is more than obvious that the world has become a global village. No economy is fully independent. The most influential countries, such as the United States of America, Canada, China, India, Russia, Japan, Great Britain etc., depend on global trends and oscillations in the world market. There is an everyday dispute among world leaders, experts, managers of financial corporations, on how deep this crisis is going to impact the world economy. According to the opinion of the majority, it is biggest since the Great Depression from the early 30s of the last century. Financial crisis led to a serious crisis and recession, hence it resulted in decceleration of economic activities and exhaustion of one model of economy. From many countries, including ours, we can almost everyday hear the news on dismissal of workers, reduced production, limitation of spending etc., which represent basic elements and indicators of recession. Since the crisis emerged, the situation has significantly changed, both in the country and abroad. The money has become more expensive, there are much less foreign investments, the real sector is gradually entering the recession in the majority of developed countries, which makes export more difficult for domestic producers. In addition to that, the investors are now, and they will be even more in the forthcoming period, much more cautious when it comes to investing their funds. What is the response to recession? Financial crisis and global recession in the world are just a chance for the development of enterpreneurship. Montenegro, dependent on import and being a small economy, just like many countries with similar features, can ensure mitigation of the crisis consequences by stimulating and developing the enterpreneurship area. Opening of small and medium enterprises would allow the creation of products intended to fulfill the needs of the population and, at the same time, it would reduce dependence on the import and ensure economic development (Adizes 2009). In the environment of pessimistic reports on the current situation and future perspectives of the world economy, the enterpreneurship and enterpreneurs appear as a response to the requirements of recession, growth and development. The enterpreneurs use changes as a trump card and they use them in the right way and at the right place in order to achieve their business breakthroughs. Upon that, technological improvements and innovations, although significant, are not the only basis for the ovrall technological progress. They can also include organizational improvements, innovations of marketing pr administrative procedures, which lead to business success, that is, to the changes in the environment in the form of creative destruction. All these changes are carried out in the purpose of placing the high quality goods and services at acceptable prices on the market. The job opportunities are no longer in the public or local sector, but they are rather in the private sector. The private sector is much more flexible and that makes it more resistant to recessions. That is the case of a Japanese steel processing plant, which faced a reduced demand of its products from the basic assortment, and virtually over night it was reorganized in order to preserve its employees and its profit. The plant identified the demand on the market, reoriented its production, and now one half of the plant produces season salad, which it places on the local market. As you can see, it was a diametrical restructuring. That kind of flexibility is not achieved over night. It is obvious that the complete program had been designed as an alternative solution long before the recession occured. In that regard, one must bear in mind that the crisis could not be ’’survived’’ without a strategical and fundamentally new way of thinking and approach. For each product or service, program, project - there has to be an alternative. An optimal alternative always has to be analyzed in the environment of the recession as the one which will ensure efficacy and effectiveness when the recession is over, and the normal economic situation takes its place. Also, the employees in the government and in the local authorities may have their opportunities in launching their own businesses. The current crisis and possible threats that the employees could be dismissed from their jobs, in the conditions when the chances for getting a new job are scarce, put us all in a temptation and check the character and strength of a personality. Those who are positive, proactive, and who believe in the power of the entrepreneurial spirit and their own ability, think of turning that loss of a job into a new challenge and new opportunity, launching their own businesses and finding alternative jobs. An attitude that can often be heard – that the global crisis is in fact a new opportunity – describes just those who are thinking of starting their business and test themselves in the entrepreneurship. Upon that, one must bear in mind the following: - You must plan! - Invest in yourselves now! - Maintain and take care of the long-term investments - Act like an entrepreneur and an innovator - Spend less - Reexamine your liaisons, contacts and - Don’t panic! - Create a demand - Separate your company from your personal or family expenditures Running your own business is much more complex than working for somebody else. If you lose your business or fail, you can lose much more than just a job. At the same time, your own business provides you with much more freedom, opportunities and possibilities. That is why we hope that these few pieces of advice will serve as a brief and a simple tool, intended to warn you and to help you

On–off conduction photoswitching in modelled spiropyran-based metal-organic frameworks

Materials with photoswitchable electronic properties and conductance values that can be reversibly changed over many orders of magnitude are highly desirable. Metal-organic framework (MOF) films functionalized with photoresponsive spiropyran molecules demonstrated the general possibility to switch the conduction by light with potentially large on-off-ratios. However, the fabrication of MOF materials in a trial-and-error approach is cumbersome and would benefit significantly from in silico molecular design. Based on the previous proof-of-principle investigation, here, we design photoswitchable MOFs which incorporate spiropyran photoswitches at controlled positions with defined intermolecular distances and orientations. Using multiscale modelling and automated workflow protocols, four MOF candidates are characterized and their potential for photoswitching the conductivity is explored. Using ab initio calculations of the electronic coupling between the molecules in the MOF, we show that lattice distances and vibrational flexibility tremendously modulate the possible conduction photoswitching between spiropyran- and merocyanine-based MOFs upon light absorption, resulting in average on-off ratios higher than 530 and 4200 for p- and n-conduction switching, respectively. Further functionalization of the photoswitches with electron-donating/-withdrawing groups is demonstrated to shift the energy levels of the frontier orbitals, permitting a guided design of new spiropyran-based photoswitches towards controlled modification between electron and hole conduction in a MOF

Automated Virtual Design of Organic Semiconductors Based on Metal-Organic Frameworks

The arrangement of organic semiconductor molecules in a material can be modulated using different supramolecular approaches, including the metal–organic framework (MOF) approach. These arrangements result in different frameworks topologies and structures. Fabrication of materials comprising optimized assemblies and functional molecules enables efficient tailoring of material properties, including electronic responses. Since semiconducting properties are sensitive to subtle changes in the nanostructure of the material, the exploitation of MOFs has promising potential in the development of new materials with designed structure and function. Based on decade-long method development, virtual design strategies have become ever more important, and such design methods profit from the availability of automated tools. Such tools enable screening of huge libraries of organic molecules in in silico models of the structure of three-dimensional nanoscale assemblies as the prerequisite to predict their functionality. In this report, we present and demonstrate the application of an automated workflow tool developed for MOFs of the primitive cubic (PCU) topology. We use pentacene-based ditopic linkers of a varied chemical composition and pillar linkers of different molecular sizes to automatically generate PCU MOFs, sample their structural dynamics at finite temperature, and predict electronic coupling matrix elements in vibrationally averaged assemblies. We demonstrate the change of the intermolecular ordering in the resulting MOFs and its impact on the semiconducting properties. This development lays the basis of an extendable framework to automatically model a wide variety of MOFs and characterize their function with respect to properties, such as conduction properties, absorption, and interaction with light. The developed workflow protocol and tools are available at https://github.com/KIT-Workflows/PCU-MOF

Implementation example of the expert system for decision support on Android platform based on a specific dataset

This paper presents the method of creating Expert system for decision support on the Android platform. The system knowledge base for the given area of expertise is generated by inductive learning methods based on examples from the WEKA data research system. The system was realized using the Expert System shell for the e2gDroid lite mobile device, based on the application area and a set of training examples, specifically based on the Covertype Data Set qualification problem

Listeria vrste u sirovoj hrani i hrani spremnoj za konzumiranje na tržištu Bosne i Hercegovine

Listeria is a food-borne pathogen that poses a great threat to human health. Severe symptoms followed by a high mortality rate are mainly caused by L. monocytogenes. Despite the zero-tolerance policy, the genus Listeria is still present in raw and ready-to-eat food. There are no recent studies regarding contamination of food with Listeria species in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research is focused on obtaining basic information on the level of food contamination with this alarming pathogen. In this study, a total of 238 samples were analysed, where 105 samples were various types of raw food and 133 samples were ready-to-eat foods, and 18 samples tested positive for Listeria species. After isolation and detection, the confirmation of positive isolates of Listeria spp. was conducted using the biochemical kit API® Listeria.Listeria je patogen prenosiv hranom i predstavlja veliku opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje. Teški su simptomi praćeni visokom stopom mortaliteta većinom prouzročeni L. monocytogenes. Bez obzira na politiku nulte tolerancije, rod Listeria je još uvijek prisutan u sirovim proizvodima i proizvodima spremnim za konzumiranje, predstavljajući veliku opasnost za zdravlje ljudi. Za sada još u bliskoj budućnosti ne postoje studije o kontaminaciji hrane vrstama Listeria u Bosni i Hercegovini. Ovim istraživanjem htjeli smo dobiti osnovne podatke o količini kontaminiranosti hrane ovim patogenom. U studiji je analizirano ukupno 238 uzoraka hrane, pri čemu su u 105 uzorka bile različite vrste sirove hrane te 133 uzorka hrane spremne za konzumaciju (gotove hrane). Od ukupno 238 uzoraka, 18 uzoraka je bilo pozitivno na Listeria vrste. Nakon izolacije i detekcije, konfirmacija pozitivnih izolata Listeria spp. je provedena pomoću biokemijskog kita API® Listeria