The role of Algeria in mediation for the resolution of regional and international conflicts (1975-2015)

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :국제대학원 국제학과(국제지역학전공),2019. 8. 이근.논문 요약 알제리는 마그레브 지역, 중동과 북아프리카영역 내지는, 아프리카, 서유럽 지중해 국가 등의 국제 무대에서 핵심적인 역할을 하도록 진화해왔다. 알제리의 외교는 포괄적인 대화와 화해를 통해 태평양의 위기와 분쟁의 해결에 항상 수혜를 주어왔다. 본 연구의 목적은 국제 분쟁의 해결을 위한 중재에 있어서의 알제리의 역할을 분석하고 그 성공 요인을 밝히는 것이다. 이는 지역 강국으로서의 알제리가 중재, 분쟁 해결, 그리고 국제적 관계에서 선도적 역할을 하고 있음을 보여줄 수 있다. 주요어: 알제리, 중재, 외교, 태평양 분쟁의 해결 학번: 2017-28855ABSTRACT The role of Algeria in mediation for the resolution of regional and international conflicts (1975-2015) Lakehal AIDLI International Area Studies Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University Algeria has evolved considerably to become a key player on the international scene (Maghreb region, MENA region, Africa, Western Mediterranean countries, etc.). Algerian diplomacy has always privileged the pacific settlement of crises and conflicts through inclusive dialogue and reconciliation. The present thesis aims to study and analyze the role of Algeria in mediation for the resolution of international conflicts and determine the success factors. It can show that Algeria as a regional power plays a leading role in mediation, conflicts resolution and international relations.TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of illustrations………………………………………………………. V List of abbreviations and acronyms……………………………………... VI Introduction………….…………………………………………………. 01 Chapter I: Algerian diplomacy at the service of peace and its active role (1962- current) …………………………………………………... 13 1. A foreign policy based on ideological orientations: 1962-1965……………............................................................................... 14 2. A very active and influential diplomacy: 1965-1978…………… 17 3. Beyond its ideological orientations, a more pragmatic foreign policy: 1979-1992…………………………………………………. 19 4. The foreign action of Algerian diplomacy handicapped by an unstable domestic context: 1992-1999…………………………….. 24 5. From 1999 to the present: A foreign policy based on dynamic diplomacy and contributing to peace ……………………………… 26 Chapter II: An overview of the history of Algerian mediation (1975-2015)…………………............................................................................ 32 1. The settlement of territorial disputes between Iran and Iraq on March 1975………………………………………………………... 33 2. The settlement of the Iran hostage crisis in 1981 ………………... 35 3. The conclusion of peace treaty between Ethiopia and Eritrea in 2000 …………………...................................................................... 39 4. The resolution of the Malis politico-military crisis in 2015 ……………………………............................................................... 42 Chapter III: Analysis of the success factors of Algerian mediations ………………………………………………………………………….. 49 1- Success factors related to the context of the mediation process………………………............................................................ 49 1-1. The case of Iran and Iraq dispute………………………. 50 1-2. The case of American Embassy's hostage taking in Tehran………………………………………………….. 53 1-3. The case of Ethiopia and Eritrea conflict………………. 58 1-4. The case of the politico-military crisis of Mali ………... 62 1-1.1. Algeria, leader of the region and the need to maintain its leadership................................................................................ 62 1-1.1. Algeria's proactive foreign policy on the Mali conflict… 66 2- Other factors of success………………………………………… 69 21. The objective attributes of power in Algeria: material conditions of influence in its international role………............... 69 21.1. The geopolitical situation…………………………. 70 21.2. Economic and financial assets …………………….. 72 21.3. Military forces……………………………………… 78 21.4. A strong diplomatic presence in regional and international organizations……………………………………………... 82 22. Mediation: a tradition and an ancient practice very present in Algerian society…………………………………….. 86 23. Mediation: a promoter of the national interest and national security........................................................................... 91 Conclusion.……………………………………….……………………. 94 Bibliography…………………………………………………………… 99Maste

The Renminbi Dilemma: To Float Or Not To Float

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the Renminbi (the Chinese currency) and suggest whether or not the currency should be allowed to float.  The paper makes use of four popular approaches to determine whether or not the currency is currently undervalued and if so, what mechanisms should be used to allow for its proper valuation.  According to the purchasing power parity, balance of payments approach, and the asset management approach, the Chinese currency is undervalued and will therefore appreciate in the future. We believe that although floating of the currency is advisable for the long run, it will not be in the best interest of the Chinese economy in the short run given the state of its banking system in particular.  Adopting a pure float will probably cause major macro and micro economic imbalances that will be difficult to tackle. Instead, we suggest a pegging of the Renminbi against a basket of currencies to ensure flexibility and stability in the system

Currency Crisis: The Case Of Iceland

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the Krona (the Icelandic currency) from an investment perspective while determining what has influenced its recent value deterioration.  The paper looks at many different variables that have influenced the currency since the 1980s.  These factors include: Iceland’s market-based economy, the layout of their financial system, the exchange rate system, balance of payments, international investment position, and the fiscal/monetary policies that influence their society.  When investing in this currency, it is vital to understand the importance of each of these factors and their role in the valuation of the currency as an investment.  With the recent decline of the Krona’s value, recommendations are put forward regarding Iceland’s currency’s management.  Due to the fact that their financial system has been the backbone of their economy over the last decade, they need to stabilize this system first and foremost.  As soon as the economy will display signs of recovery, the government must take measures to curb the deficit and external debt, while encouraging the diversification of the Icelandic economy.  Moreover, Iceland must do its best to join the Euro zone.  In that context and from an investment approach; namely, trading the Krona, individuals should sell it if they have a short-term investment horizon.  However, in the long-term ranging from three to five years, the currency promises modest return.&nbsp

The Case Of Alpha Inc.: A study In Forecasting And Valuation

ALPHA Inc., a manufacturing entity, hired James to help put their records in for 2006 and 2007. James completed the financial statements to gain an understanding of the accounting transactions and financial results. In addition, ALPHA Inc. requested a five-year forecast for future financing and wanted a valuation of the company for possible sale or merger. After students complete the accounting relationships, financial analysis, forecast and valuation, they will have a solid background to complete the financial section of a business plan. This case is most appropriate for an upper division accounting or finance course

Currency Management Under A Hybrid System: Case Of The Yuan

The purpose of this research paper is to analyze the Renminbi (the Chinese currency), suggesting whether or not the currency should be allowed to float.  The paper makes the use of four popular approaches to determine whether or not the currency is currently undervalued, and if so, what mechanisms should be used to allow for its proper valuation.  According to the purchasing power parity (PPP), balance of payments approach, and the asset management approach, the Chinese currency is undervalued and will therefore appreciate in the future.  For the long run, the floating of the currency is advisable; however, in the short run, it will not be in the best interest of the Chinese economy given the nature of its banking system.  Adopting a pure float could possibly cause major macro and micro economic imbalances that would be difficult to tackle.  Instead, suggesting the pegging of the Renminbi against a basket of currencies to ensure system wide flexibility and stability is the best course of action

Storage Time prediction of Frozen Meat using Artificial Neural Network modeling with Color values

Among the various methods available to determine the storage time of frozen meat, including analyses based on physical and chemical properties, sensory analysis, particularly color changes, is an important aspect of meat acceptability for consumers. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) was employed to predict the storage time of the meat based on the CIELAB color space, represented by the Lab* (L*), (a*), and (b*) values measured by a computer vision system at two–month intervals over a period of up to one year. The ANN topology was optimized based on changes in correlation coefficients (R2) and mean square errors (MSE), resulting in a network of 60 neurons in a hidden layer (R2 = 0.9762 and MSE = 0.0047). The ANN model's performance was evaluated using criteria such as mean absolute deviation (MAD), MSE, root mean square error (RMSE), R2, and mean absolute error (MAE), which were found to be 0.0344, 0.0047, 0.0687, 0.9762, and 0.0078, respectively. Overall, these results suggest that using a computer vision–based system combined with artificial intelligence could be a reliable and nondestructive technique for evaluating meat quality throughout its storage time

Turbulence structure and interaction with steep breaking waves

Large-eddy and interface simulation using an interface tracking-based multi-fluid flow solver is conducted to investigate the breaking of steep water waves on a beach of constant bed slope. The present investigation focuses mainly on the ‘weak plunger' breaking wave type and provides a detailed analysis of the two-way interaction between the mean fluid flow and the sub-modal motions, encompassing wave dynamics and turbulence. The flow is analysed from two points of views: mean to sub-modal exchange, and wave to turbulence interaction within the sub-modal range. Wave growth and propagation are due to energy transfer from the mean flow to the waves, and transport of mean momentum by these waves. The vigorous downwelling-upwelling patterns developing at the head and tail of each breaker are shown to generate both negative- and positive-signed energy exchange contributions in the thin sublayer underneath the water surface. The details of these exchange mechanisms are thoroughly discussed in this paper, together with the interplay between three-dimensional small-scale breaking associated with turbulence and the dominant two-dimensional wave motion. A conditional zonal analysis is proposed for the first time to understand the transient mechanisms of turbulent kinetic energy production, decay, diffusion and transport and their dependence and/or impact on surface wrinkling over the entire breaking process. The simulations provide a thorough picture of air-liquid coherent structures that develop over the breaking process, and link them to the transient mechanisms responsible for their local incidenc

A Microscopic Description of Displacive Coherent Phonons

We develop a Hamiltonian-based microscopic description of laser pump induced displacive coherent phonons. The theory captures the feedback of the phonon excitation upon the electronic fluid, which is missing in the state-of-the-art phenomenological formulation. We show that this feedback leads to chirping at short time scales, even if the phonon motion is harmonic. At long times this feedback appears as a finite phase in the oscillatory signal. We apply the theory to BaFe$_2$As$_2$, explain the origin of the phase in the oscillatory signal reported in recent experiments, and we predict that the system will exhibit red-shifted chirping at larger fluence. Our theory also opens the possibility to extract equilibrium information from coherent phonon dynamics.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Numerical study for reliability assessment of a corroding pipe to flange weld joint over its lifetime

Numerical model of a corroded weld joint connecting pipe to flange using a finite element method was developed, and coupled with usual stress models. The structure material has been characterized experimentally. Monte Carlo simulations, FORM and SORM methods have been applied for estimating reliability and failure probability under corrosion and residual stress effects. A numerical case with various corrosion rates was conducted to determine the reliability of the welded connection pipe to flange. The obtained results show that the heat affected zone is very sensitive to corrosion effects due to the welding process

New Method for 3D Shape Retrieval

The recent technological progress in acquisition, modeling and processing of 3D data leads to the proliferation of a large number of 3D objects databases. Consequently, the techniques used for content based 3D retrieval has become necessary. In this paper, we introduce a new method for 3D objects recognition and retrieval by using a set of binary images CLI (Characteristic level images). We propose a 3D indexing and search approach based on the similarity between characteristic level images using Hu moments for it indexing. To measure the similarity between 3D objects we compute the Hausdorff distance between a vectors descriptor. The performance of this new approach is evaluated at set of 3D object of well known database, is NTU (National Taiwan University) database.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, publication pape