501 research outputs found

    Minimal non-1-planar graphs

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    AbstractA graph is 1-planar if it can be drawn on the plane so that each edge is crossed by no more than one other edge. A non-1-planar graph G is minimal if the graph G-e is 1-planar for every edge e of G. We prove that there are infinitely many minimal non-1-planar graphs (MN-graphs). It is known that every 6-vertex graph is 1-planar. We show that the graph K7-K3 is the unique 7-vertex MN-graph

    Scintillator developments for high energy physics and medical imaging

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    Scintillating crystals have been for a long time developed as a basic component in particle detectors with a strong spin-off in the field of medical imaging. A typical example is BGO, which has become the main component of PET scanners since the large effort made by the L3 experiment at CERN to develop low cost production methods for this crystal. Systematic R&D on basic mechanism in inorganic scintillators, initiated by the Crystal Clear Collaboration at CERN 10 years ago, has contributed not to a small amount, to the development of new materials for high energy physics and for a new generation of medical imaging devices with increased resolution and sensitivity. The examples of the lead tungstate crystal for the CMS experiment at CERN (high energy physics) as well as of new materials under development for medical imaging will be described with an emphasis on the mutual benefit both fields can extract from a common R&D effort. (14 refs)

    Π‘ΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ сцинтилляционныС ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ для ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° циркулярных ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ…

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    The most probable scenario for the development of experimental high-energy physics in the next 50 years is the creation of a family of Future Circular Colliders (FCC) at CERN, a Circular Electron–Positron Collider at China, and a Future Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven (USA), which continue the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) scientific program within the framework of the Standard Model and beyond it. The first generation of colliders to be put into operation will utilize the electron beam as one of the colliding species to provide precise mass spectroscopy in a wide energy range. Similarly to the measurements at the high luminosity phase of the LHC operation, the most important property of the detectors to be used in the experimental setup is a combination of the short response of the detectors and their high time resolution. The radiation tolerance to a harsh irradiation environment remains mandatory but not the main factor of the collider’s experiments using electronic beams. A short response in combination with high time resolution ensures minimization of the influence of the pile-up and spill-over effects at the high frequency of collisions (higher than 50 MGz). The radiation hardness of the materials maintains the long-term high accuracy of the detector calibration. This paper discusses the prospects for using modern inorganic scintillation materials for calorimetric detectors at future colliders.НаиболСС вСроятным сцСнариСм развития ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ высоких энСргий Π² блиТайшиС 50 Π»Π΅Ρ‚ являСтся созданиС сСмСйства ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ (FCC) Π² ЦЕРНС, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡ†Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ элСктрон-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° (CEPC) Π² КНР ΠΈ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ элСктрон-ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° Π² Π‘Ρ€ΡƒΠΊΡ…Π΅ΠΉΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ (БША), ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡƒ Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π° (LHC) Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π‘Ρ‚Π°Π½Π΄Π°Ρ€Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‚ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡƒΠ°Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ элСктроны Π² качСствС ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ…ΡΡ частиц для обСспСчСния Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ масс-спСктроскопии Π² ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ энСргий. Подобно измСрСниям Π² Ρ„Π°Π·Π΅ высокой свСтимости LHC, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ свойством Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… установках, являСтся сочСтаниС ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ высокого Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Радиационная ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² условиях Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π° экспСримСнтов остаСтся ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ основным Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… экспСримСнтов с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ элСктронных ΠΏΡƒΡ‡ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠšΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π² сочСтании с высоким Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ обСспСчиваСт ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ влияния эффСктов пСрСкрытия сигналов событий ΠΈ налоТСния ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ высокой частотС столкновСний, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ 50 ΠœΠ“Ρ†. Радиационная ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² обСспСчиваСт Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΎΠΊΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°. Π’ настоящСй ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡƒΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ пСрспСктивы использования соврСмСнных нСорганичСских сцинтилляционных ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² для калоримСтричСских Π΄Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ… Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ
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