501 research outputs found
Minimal non-1-planar graphs
AbstractA graph is 1-planar if it can be drawn on the plane so that each edge is crossed by no more than one other edge. A non-1-planar graph G is minimal if the graph G-e is 1-planar for every edge e of G. We prove that there are infinitely many minimal non-1-planar graphs (MN-graphs). It is known that every 6-vertex graph is 1-planar. We show that the graph K7-K3 is the unique 7-vertex MN-graph
Scintillator developments for high energy physics and medical imaging
Scintillating crystals have been for a long time developed as a basic component in particle detectors with a strong spin-off in the field of medical imaging. A typical example is BGO, which has become the main component of PET scanners since the large effort made by the L3 experiment at CERN to develop low cost production methods for this crystal. Systematic R&D on basic mechanism in inorganic scintillators, initiated by the Crystal Clear Collaboration at CERN 10 years ago, has contributed not to a small amount, to the development of new materials for high energy physics and for a new generation of medical imaging devices with increased resolution and sensitivity. The examples of the lead tungstate crystal for the CMS experiment at CERN (high energy physics) as well as of new materials under development for medical imaging will be described with an emphasis on the mutual benefit both fields can extract from a common R&D effort. (14 refs)
Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ
The most probable scenario for the development of experimental high-energy physics in the next 50 years is the creation of a family of Future Circular Colliders (FCC) at CERN, a Circular ElectronβPositron Collider at China, and a Future Electron-Ion Collider at Brookhaven (USA), which continue the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) scientific program within the framework of the Standard Model and beyond it. The first generation of colliders to be put into operation will utilize the electron beam as one of the colliding species to provide precise mass spectroscopy in a wide energy range. Similarly to the measurements at the high luminosity phase of the LHC operation, the most important property of the detectors to be used in the experimental setup is a combination of the short response of the detectors and their high time resolution. The radiation tolerance to a harsh irradiation environment remains mandatory but not the main factor of the colliderβs experiments using electronic beams. A short response in combination with high time resolution ensures minimization of the influence of the pile-up and spill-over effects at the high frequency of collisions (higher than 50 MGz). The radiation hardness of the materials maintains the long-term high accuracy of the detector calibration. This paper discusses the prospects for using modern inorganic scintillation materials for calorimetric detectors at future colliders.ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ 50 Π»Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ (FCC) Π² Π¦ΠΠ ΠΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½-ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° (CEPC) Π² ΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½-ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΠΡΡΠΊΡ
Π΅ΠΉΠ²Π΅Π½Π΅ (Π‘Π¨Π), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ° (LHC) Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ LHC, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 50 ΠΠΡ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
- β¦