Lysosomal Enzyme Release from Guinea Pig Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes by Influenza Virus

Extracellular release and subsequent decrease of intracellular lysosomal enzymes of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) by influenza virus were observed. Total enzyme activity was also decreased in all the enzymes assayed. After incubation of the PMNLs with influenza virus at 37°C for 20 min, the degree in decrease of total enzyme activity varied from enzyme to enzyme: 50% in myeloperoxidase (MPO), 20% in acid phosphatase, 10% in N-Ac-β-glucosaminidase and β-glucuronidase and 5% in lysozyme, respectively. Since MPO assumed to play a critical role in chemiluminescent response of luminol-enhanced system, the dysfunction in oxidative metabolism of PMNLs induced by influenza virus seems to be attributed to intraphagosomal and/or extracellular inactivation of MPO of PMNLs during the process of direct stimulation of respiratory burst

Entwicklungsstudien über die Thymusanlage(II. Mitteilung) Untersuchungen an den Anuren, besonders bei den Larven vou Rhacophorus schlegelii

Ich habe bereits kürzlich eine Arbeit über Entwicklung der Thymusanlage von Amphibien unter Zugrundelegung der Urodelen vom Typus Hynobius aus Okayama veröffentlicht. In vorliegeuder Abhandlung habe ich die Morphogenese der Thymus an einem in Japan einheimischen Anuren, Rhacophorus schlegelii, verfolgt und mit der der Urodelen (Hynobius aus Okayama) verglichen. Das Material behandelte ich ebenso wie im Falle des Hynobius aus Okayamma. Das Material wurde in Formol-Alkohol fixiert und in paraffin eingebettet, teils wurde Stück-färbung mit Borax-Karmin, teils Doppelfärbung mit Hämatoxylin Eosin vorgenommen. Serienschnitte von 10μ-20μ-30μ Dicke wurden angefertigt. Die Wachsplattenmodelle wurden in 50 und 100-facher Vergrösserung modelliert, Zum Anbringen der Richtzeichen verwandte ich hierbei die Born-Petersche Methode. Als zusammenfassendes Resultat der Untersuchungen ergibt sich folgendes: 1) Die Thymusanlage des Rhacophorus schlegelii entwickelt sich erst bei einer 6.0 mm langen Larve als eine Verdickung des dorsalen Epithels der 1. Kiementasche, verschwindet aber sofort; die definitive Thymusdrüse tritt bei einer 7.5 mm langen Larve von der dorsalen wand der 2. Kiementasche auf. 2) Die Thymusanlage entwickelt sich vom Entoderm, nicht vom Ectoderm aus. 3) Die Thymusanlage liegt ventralseits von Ganglion facialis, A. carotis interna und V. jugularis interna. 4) Erst bei einer 10.5 mm langen Larve wird beobachtet, dass sick die Thymusknospe vom Schlundepithel abgeschnürt trennt. 5) Die Altersinvolution der Thymusdrüse ist bei dieser Larve wahrnehmbar. 6) Das Hassal'sche Körperchen ist gerade vor der Metamorphose auch nachweisbar. 7) Die Differenz zwischen Mark und Rinde in der Thymusdrüse wird erst bei einer Larve von 12.0 mm Körper-und 4.0 mm Nackenafter-länge bemerkt, bei der Larve von 15.0 mm Körper-und 4.0 mm Nackenafter-länge-14.0 mm Körperlänge (gleich vor der Metamorphose) ist sie noch deutlicher, aber beim erwachsenen Tier nicht mehr so deutlich. 8) Nach der Metamorphose sowie beim erwachsenen Tier teilt sich die Thymusdrüse in zwei Lappen, einen kranialeu und einen kaudalen Lappen

Entwicklungsstudien über die Shilddrüsenanlage (II. Mitteilung) Untersuchungen an den Anuren, besonders bei den Larven von Rhacophorus schlegelii

Ich habe bereits kürzlich eine Arbeit über die Entwicklung der Schilddrüsenanlage von Amphibien unter Zugrundelegung der Urodelen von Typus Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster veröffentlicht. In vorliegender Abhandlung habe ich die Morphogenese der Schilddrüsen an einem in Japan einheimischen Anuren, Rhacophorus schlegelii, verfolgt und mit der der Urodelen (Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster) verglichen. Das Material behandelte ich ebenso wie im Falle des Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster: Das Material wurde in Formol-Alkohol fixiert und in Paraffin eingebettet, teils wurde Stück-färbung mit Borax-Karmin, teils Doppelfärbung mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin vorgenommen. Serienschnitte von 10μ Dicke wurden angefertigt. Die Wachsplattenmodelle wurden in 100-facher Vergrösserung modelliert. Zum Anbringen der Richtzeichen verwandte ich hierbei die Born-Petersche Methode. Als zusammenfassendes Resultat der Untersuchungen ergibt sich folgendes: 1) Die Schilddrüsenanlage entsteht erst unpaarig als eine solide Zellmasse am ventromedialen Teil der 1. Kiementasche an der Larve von ca. 4.5mm Gesamtlänge. Sie verlängert sich kaudalwärts und ist von der 1. Kiementasche vollständig abgetrennt an der Larve von ca. 10.0mm Gesamtlänge. 2) Sie ist zusammengedrückt durch Kopula und wir finden die Andeutung der Teilung der beiden Lappen, des rechten und des linken, an der Larve von ca. 12.0mm Gesamtlänge. Die Teilung der Lappen ist vollendet an der Larve von ca. 13.0mm Gesamtlänge. 3) Die Follikelbildung der Schilddrüsen beginnt erst an der Larve von 16.0mm Gesamtlänge im kranialen und kaudalen Teil und dann an ihrem zentralen Teil und ist im allgemeinen an der Larve von ca. 14.0mm Gesamtlänge vollendet. Auch die Metamorphose der Larve von derselben Gesamtlänge ist jetzt fast vollendet

Entwicklungsstudien über die Schilddrüsenanlage. (I. Mitteilung.) Untersuchungen an den Urodelen, besonders bei den Larven von Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster.

Verfasser stellte über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Schilddrüsen von Diemyctylus pyrrhogaster Untersuchungen an. Als Material benutzte ich Embryonen von Diemyctylus pyrrogaster. Das Material wurde alles mit Formol-alkohol fixiert. Die Färbung war fast ganz mit Borax-carmin und teilweise mit Hämatoxylin-Eosin geschehen. Alles wurde in Paraffin eingebettet und teils in queren Serien von 10μ Dicke, teils von 20μ geschuitten. Die Wachsrekonstruktionsmodelle wurden nach der BornPeterschen Methode angefertigt. Verfasser kam zu folgendeu hauptsächlichen Resultaten: 1) Die Schilddrüsenanlage tritt zuerst unpaarig auf als eine solide massive Zellwucherung am ventromedialen Teil der 1. Kiementasche an der Larve von ca. 4.0mm Gesamtlänge. 2) Sie verlängert sich kaudalwärts und bildet den Stiel an der Larve von ca. 8.5mm Gesamtlänge. An der Larve von ca. 9.5mm Gesamtlänge ist sie von der 1. Kiementasche vollständig abgetrennt. 3) Die Teilung der beiden Lappen, des rechten und linken, ist vollendet an der Larve von ca. 13.5mm Gesamtlänge 4) Die Follikelbildung der Schilddräsen beginnt erst an der Larve von ca. 16.0mm Gesamtlänge und ist im allgemeinen an der Larve von ca. 26.5mm Gesamtlänge vollendet

O conceito de paisagem no tempo

O conceito de paisagem pensado desde a Modernidade, através do entendimento pelo senso comum, passou ao longo dos anos por várias reflexões e modificações. O termo que apareceu pela primeira vez em língua alemã (Landschaft) foi traduzido para várias línguas e ganhou o mundo, tornando-se um dos mais estudados entre várias ciências e profissões. Sempre designado como um recorte do espaço captado pelo olhar do observador, o conceito foi agregando com o tempo um olhar mais sensível; a paisagem deixou de ser apenas um fragmento do espaço físico para conceber-se como cultura, como a realidade de várias interrelações entre seres e meio visíveis ou não aos nossos olhos. Propõe-se neste artigo percorrer esse trajeto do conceito de paisagem no tempo, dando ênfase a como ele se desenvolveu na ciência geográfic

Lymphocytes in tumor-draining lymph nodes co-cultured with autologous tumor cells for adoptive cell therapy

Background: Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are primary sites, where anti-tumor lymphocytes are primed to tumor-specific antigens and play pivotal roles in immune responses against tumors. Although adoptive cell therapy (ACT) using lymphocytes isolated from TDLNs were reported, characterization of immune activity of lymphocytes in TDLNs to tumor cells was not comprehensively performed. Here, we demonstrate TDLNs to have very high potential as cell sources for immunotherapy. Methods: Lymphocytes from TDLNs resected during surgical operation were cultured with autologous-tumor cells for 2 weeks and evaluated tumor-reactivity by IFNγ ELISPOT assay. We investigated the commonality of T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes expanded by the co-culture with tumor cells with those of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Results: We found that that TCR clonotypes of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes commonly shared with those of TILs in primary tumors and lymphocytes having tumor-reactivity and TCR clonotypes shared with TILs could be induced from non-metastatic lymph nodes when they were co-cultured with autologous tumor cells. Conclusion: Our results imply that tumor-reactive effector T cells were present even in pathologically non-metastatic lymph nodes and could be expanded in vitro in the presence of autologous tumor cells and possibly be applied for ACT

Identification of semen from criminal materials by means of paper chromatography--a forensic-medical study

In the present experiments attempts were made to identify semen from various specimens such as the semen itself, spots of semen on clothes, putrefied semen or semen contaminated with blood, menstrual blood, vaginal fluid, according to the techniques of LEVONEN. As the result it has been clarified that in every instance it is possible to isolate and detect the spots of choline by spraying Dragehdorff's reagent.</p

Planning and Management: premises to get the balance on tourism activity

Neste trabalho serão discutidos os conceitos de planejamento e gestão, pontos fundamentais para a boa implantação do turismo. Adicionado a estes conceitos tem-se o de sustentabilidade, ou seja, o planejamento e a gestão em prol de um desenvolvimento sustentável. São apresentadas as formas de planejamento turístico descritas por Hall (2001) e uma discussão de como se aplicam hoje. Como estudo empírico foram utilizadas as entrevistas aos gestores públicos do Município do Conde, com vistas a responder questões sobre o crescimento do turismo e suas implicações espaciais/ambientais. Foi possível concluir que ambos os conceitos que deveriam nortear esses agentes públicos parecem não fazer parte de sua realidade, em especial se tratando de um planejamento a longo prazo.This work discusses the concepts of planning and management, which are greatly relevant to the successful implementation of touristic projects, as well as the concept of sustainability, which is planning and management focused on sustainable development. The approaches of tourism planning presented by Hall (2011) are introduced in this work along with a discussion on how they are currently applied. As for the methodology, this work utilized interviews with public administrators of Conde in an attempt to discuss the grow of tourism and its implications in the city. As a conclusion, the concepts that should be serve as base have been totally ignored by those public agents

Biomonitoring of Urinary Cotinine Concentrations Associated with Plasma Levels of Nicotine Metabolites after Daily Cigarette Smoking in a Male Japanese Population

Human biomonitoring of plasma and urinary levels of nicotine, cotinine, and 3′-hydroxycotinine was conducted after daily cigarette smoking in a population of 92 male Japanese smokers with a mean age of 37 years who had smoked an average of 23 cigarettes per day for 16 years. Members of the population were genotyped for the nicotine-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). The mean levels of nicotine, the levels of its metabolites cotinine and 3′-hydroxycotinine, and the sum of these three levels in subjects one hour after smoking the first cigarette on the sampling day were 20.1, 158, 27.7, and 198 ng/mL in plasma and 846, 1,020, 1,010, and 2,870 ng/mL in urine under daily smoking conditions. Plasma levels of 3′-hydroxycotinine and urinary levels of nicotine and 3′-hydroxycotinine were dependent on the CYP2A6 phenotype group, which was estimated from the CYP2A6 genotypes of the subjects, including those with whole gene deletion. Plasma cotinine levels were significantly correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked on the day before sampling (r = 0.71), the average number of cigarettes smoked daily (r = 0.58), and the Brinkman index (daily cigarettes × years, r = 0.48) under the present conditions. The sum of nicotine, cotinine, and 3′-hydroxycotinine concentrations in plasma showed a similar relationship to that of the plasma cotinine levels. Urinary concentrations of cotinine and the sum of nicotine metabolite concentrations also showed significant correlations with the plasma levels and the previous day’s and average cigarette consumption. The numbers of cigarettes smoked per day by two subjects with self-reported light smoking habits were predicted by measuring the urinary cotinine concentrations and using linear regression equations derived from above-mentioned data. These results indicate that biomonitoring of the urinary cotinine concentration is a good, easy-to-use marker for plasma levels of cotinine and the sum of nicotine metabolites in smokers independent of genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6

Paramyxovirus Sendai virus-like particle formation by expression of multiple viral proteins and acceleration of its release by C protein

AbstractEnvelope viruses maturate by macromolecule assembly and budding. To investigate these steps, we generated virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expression of structural proteins of Sendai virus (SeV), a prototype of the family Paramyxoviridae. Simultaneous expression of matrix (M), nucleo- (N), fusion (F), and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins resulted in the generation of VLPs that had morphology and density similar to those of authentic virus particles, although the efficiency of release from cells was significantly lower than that of the virus. By using this VLP formation as a model of virus budding, roles of individual proteins in budding were investigated. The M protein was a driving force of budding, and the F protein facilitated and the HN protein suppressed VLP release. Either of the glycoproteins, F or HN, as well as the N protein, significantly shifted density of VLPs to that of virus particles, suggesting that viral proteins bring about integrity of VLPs by protein–protein interactions. We further found that co-expression of a nonstructural protein, C, but not V, enhanced VLP release to a level comparable to that of virus particles, demonstrating that the C protein plays a role in virus budding