Meaningfulness, the unsaid and translatability. Instead of an introduction

The present paper opens this topical issue on translation techniques by drawing a theoretical basis for the discussion of translational issues in a linguistic perspective. In order to forward an audience- oriented definition of translation, I will describe different forms of linguistic variability, highlighting how they present different difficulties to translators, with an emphasis on the semantic and communicative complexity that a source text can exhibit. The problem is then further discussed through a comparison between Quine's radically holistic position and the translatability principle supported by such semanticists as Katz. General translatability — at the expense of additional complexity — is eventually proposed as a possible synthesis of this debate. In describing the meaningfulness levels of source texts through Hjelmslevian semiotics, and his semiotic hierarchy in particular, the paper attempts to go beyond denotative semiotic, and reframe some translational issues in a connotative semiotic and metasemiotic perspective

Subjecthood in Pāṇini’s grammatical tradition

According to the common opinion, there is no place for the grammatical category of subject in Pāṇini’s grammar of Sanskrit. This is due to the fact that, according to many scholars of Pāṇini, Sanskrit lacks this category in its grammar. However, if we take into consideration a wider view of what Pāṇini’s grammar is and what language it presupposes, we can conclude that speaking of subject becomes more sensible, especially if we take into account some subjecthood features that so far have not been used in this respect. I conclude that, if not Pāṇini himself, some later commentators could have had a notion very similar to subject in their linguistic background, which induced them to interpret Pāṇini’s theories so that the idea of subjecthood eventually surfaced

Understanding a philosophical text. The problem of “meaning” in Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī, Book 5

The authors make an attempt to comparatively analyse some stances of the Old Indian philosophy of language, exemplified by the Medieval Indian author Jayanta, along with the Western tradition of the analytical philosophy of language, and to highlight the differences as well as the similarities

Family Foundation Giving Trends Report 2011

The fourth Family Foundation Giving Trends report is published in a climate of continued economic uncertainty and against the backdrop of a shrinking budget for the state’s provision of vital social services. Inevitably, this places greater pressure on philanthropy to fill the funding gap and to increase its effectiveness and social impact. The UK has, of course, a long philanthropic tradition, from pioneers like Sir Henry Wellcome to contemporary benefactors such as J K Rowling. As a proportion of the country’s GDP, the UK’s philanthropists score well, outstripping the United States in the family giving league, though not in giving overall. While we should feel proud of this level of engagement, we should also champion the increasingly sophisticated work being done to develop more effective strategies in charitable giving today. As president of the Cranfield Trust, I am hugely impressed by its established programme of providing volunteers who have MBA degrees or other postgraduate professional qualifications, working with a growing number of leading international business schools to improve the systems and processes with which charities operate. Every charitable cause is noble, of course, and every donation deserved. From my own experience, however, a focused and structured approach to giving can go so much further. With that in mind, we set up the Doughty Family Foundation to provide clear focus around a core set of charitable themes that resonate at a personal level with members of our family. The foundation allows us to monitor and measure the impact of our philanthropic efforts more effectively. It also helps us to take a longer-term perspective and build up a deeper understanding of the areas and issues in which we engage. I have worked in the private equity industry for over 25 years and am all too aware of the inexorable rise of shareholder value during that time. The drive towards greater efficiency within organisations and the pursuit of improved productivity has certainly created lots of shareholder value; undeniably, however, it has also widened the divisions between the haves and have-nots. Philanthropy is one important area that can help to address these imbalances. When it is done effectively, it is far more than just redistributing capital. It can forge the development of sustainable social enterprises, foster entrepreneurial skills and establish centres of research that result in new and better forms of social investment. This annual report is a valuable and practical tool. The data it captures not only improves our understanding of the state of philanthropy in the UK but also provides a focal point for thought leaders in philanthropy to come together, share best practice and increase their impac

Characteribus belgicis: alcuni aspetti della ricezione del gotico nell’umanesimo fiammingo e olandese

The paper presents the history of reception of the Codex Argenteus, from its discovery until the first printed edition in 1665, with a special reference to the Gothicism debate. Three aspects are taken into consideration: the idea of the Gothic Bible as a historical antecedent of the Protestant vernacular translations of the Bible; the myth of linguistic similarity between Gothic and Low German varieties, especially Frisian; and the ideology of the typographic rendering of the Gothic texts: an explanation for B. Vulcanius’ mention of “Belgian letters” is proposed

Family Foundation Giving Trends 2012

Family Foundation Giving Trends 2012 is the fifth in a series of reports that annually updates the giving of the largest 100 family foundations in the UK, tracking trends and comparing them with their US counterparts. Giving through family foundations represents around 8% of all private giving in the UK.This year's report is a special edition aimed at providing a more rounded picture of family foundation philanthropy. The regular updating of the annual league tables of giving is complemented by new research on the causes supported, the influences on decision-making in an uncertain environment, and family foundations' outlook for the future.The research was carried out through extracting financial data from annual reports and websites on annual spending and the distribution of grants by cause, and an online survey of decision-making amongst the largest family foundations (40 responses, 45% response rate).For this research, UK and US family foundations are defined as independent registered charitable trusts funded originally by family wealth, whether or not the founding family is still represented on the governing board.Key financial results 2010/11The total giving of the largest 100 UK family foundations was £1.33 billion in 2010/11.The results presented a mixed picture of growth: while there was an overall real fall of 1.8% in giving, there was a substantial 6.2% real rise if the results of the giant Wellcome Trust are excluded from the group.The rise in giving bucked the trend for the value of family foundations' assets: these were worth £29.7 billion in 2010/11, representing a real annual fall of 3.5%.Although there were some signs of growth this year, the giving of the largest family foundations has not yet returned to pre-recession levels.Asset value in 2010/11 was still a real 14% lower than in 2006/07

INSURANCE - AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE - PASSENGERS FOR CONSIDERATION

In an action upon an automobile liability insurance policy, defendant sought to avoid liability by proof of voluntary payments made to the insured by the plaintiff subsequent to the beginning of the trip. It was held that since no agreement for payment was made prior to the trip the insured was not then carrying passengers for consideration within the meaning of the clause contained in the policy for the purpose of protecting the insurer against such use of the vehicle. Reed v. Bloom, (D. C. Okla. 1936) 15 F. Supp. 600

EQUITY - CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTS - THIEVES AND EMBEZZLERS AS CONSTRUCTIVE TRUSTEES

During the last hundred years the constructive trust has been extended from its original sphere of operation, that of the express trust, into a variety of situations where the wrong consists of tort or crime. This important extension of remedial principles has been facilitated in some cases by describing as confidential or fiduciary certain legal relations which would not ordinarily be so considered. In other cases any requirement of a confidential or trust relationship has been wholly discarded. The process of extension has gone so far that Justice Cardozo, in Beatty v. Guggenheim Exploration Co., felt justified in declaring broadly that When property has been acquired under such circumstances that the holder of the legal title may not in good conscience retain the beneficial interest, equity converts him into a trustee. . . . It has been increasingly recognized in modern cases that the constructive trust in many situations is purely a remedial device, the formula through which the conscience of equity finds expression. The argument that has been most persuasive in making this extension has been that which appeared in Newton v. Porter; one of the first theft cases to award the constructive trust: It would seem to be an anomaly in the law, if the owner who has been deprived of his property by a larceny should be less favorably situated in a court of equity, in respect to his remedy to recover it, or the property into which it has been converted, than one who, by an abuse of trust, has been injured by the wrongful act of a trustee to whom the possession of the trust property has been confided . . .

EXEMPTIONS - IMPLEMENTS OF THE DEBTOR\u27S TRADE

In an action for conversion by wrongful attachment, it was held that printing equipment constituted implements of the debtor\u27s trade within the meaning of the exemption statute. Flaxman v. Capitol City Press, 121 Conn. 423, 185 A. 417 (1936)