Абсурдность бродячих сюжетов

Если предоложить, что каждая культура характеризуется своими специфическими закономерностя- ми, то задача исследования состоитв попытке определить одну из суще- ственных характеристик русской литературы и культуры. Следуя ис- следованиям исторической поэтики о устойчивых комплексах мотивов, составляющих основу устного или письменного произведения, переходящих из одной страны в другую, возникает вопрос о том, как эти «бродячие сюжеты» переходят внутри собственной культуры из одной стилевой формации в другую (по А. Флакеру), из одной фазы лите- ратурного и культурного развития в другую. Анализ показывает, каким образом зародилась определенная сюжетная схема в творчестве Н. В. Гоголя и привела к абсурдному сознанию, которое - не смотря на изменения художественного облика - стало особого рода конструктив- ным принципом русско-советской культуры XX. в.While presupposing that every culture evolves based on its own specific terms, this discussion poses the question of how one of Russia's main cultural and literary characteristics emerges within these two realms. Following research on historical poetics on permanent theme and motif-related (subject) schemes, which form the basis of oral or written artistic expression and pass from one country to another, the question that poses itself is how these consequent “travelling themes” pass from one (according to A. Flaker) style formation into another, from one phase of literary and cultural development into another. The analysis addresses the emergence of a specific motif scheme in the creative process of N.V.Gogol that has led to the absurd consciousness, which in turn became, regardless of art form transformations, a kind of a constructive principle of Soviet and Russian culture of the 20th century

Criminal Justice Majors: Are They Tougher on Crime?

The United States of America incarcerates more individuals than any other nation in the world. Therefore, the United States has one of the most active correctional systems and it is imperative to examine the system thoroughly. Generally speaking, there have been 3 accepted models of the correctional system since the 1940’s: custodial, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Although it is possible to find institutions that subscribe to each of these models respectively, the custodial model is the most common in the United States. Therefore, this study seeks to examine college students’ perception of crime, in order to help explain why the general public supports the custodial model of the corrections system. More specifically, this study will examine the perceptions of crime that Pace University’s undergraduate students have, in an attempt to compare the perceptions of criminal justice majors to those of non-criminal justice majors. The hypothesis of the study is that criminal justice majors are more likely to hold punitive viewpoints of the corrections system and crime in general, and that they are more likely to agree with the characteristics that are similar to the custodial/crime control model. This study consists of a sample size of 70 respondents; 17 are criminal justice majors and 53 are non-criminal justice majors. The data shows that there were no differences in level of punitiveness among the students, regardless of major. This study is important because it collects a representative sample of the views of individuals who will soon be professionals in the field

Exploring Legal English teaching at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb: A comprehensive analysis

The paper describes teaching of Legal English at the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, the use of digital tools in teaching and some current challenges in the teaching process. Courses in Legal English or German are obligatory for all 1st and 2nd students. More than 90% of students take Legal English. The Faculty offers a number of elective courses for the 5th year students, among which are Advanced Legal English and Comparative Legal Linguistics. Legal English differs from other languages for specific purposes because of its specific characteristics, such as technical vocabulary, polysemy, archaisms, long and complex sentences, borrowings from other languages, passivization, subordination, nominalisation and so on. Legal English courses are designed to upgrade the students’ ability to understand and analyse legal texts written in English in their studies and later in their professional work, as well as to improve their translation skills and language competence. To achieve these goals, a new textbook has been prepared by the members of the Department of Foreign Languages taking into consideration the needs of today’s students of law.

INTERCULTURAL COUNSELING AS A CURRENT ISSUE AND WHAT MAKES A COMPETENT INTERCULTURAL COUNSELOR

In the first part of the paper, the author finds that in the present the question of collaboration between members of the majority and the members of cultural, religious, social and other minorities is one of the most essential civilisational questions. Consequently, intercultural pedagogy and intercultural education play an important role here. Due to such multicultural conditions, school counseling, too, has developed some special features. Furtheron in the paper, the author defines and presents the characteristic features of intercultural counseling set up for pupils who are members of cultural minorities and immigrants, as well as for people who live and work with them. The final part of the paper defines the intercultural competence of a school counselor. The latter should be able to detect cultural aspects relating to the counselee, to recognise their role in the causing of the problem of the person seeking counsel and its solution. He/she should be able to incorporate them in the counseling situation and process

Investigation of punctured LDPC codes and time-diversity on free-space optical links

In this paper, we analyze the behavior of DVB-S2 un-punctured/punctured low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded on-off-keying (OOK) under atmospheric turbulence conditions by utilizing time diversity. A performance characterization between these schemes is evaluated, where punctured LDPC code provides a penalty of around 0.1 to 0.2 dB against unpunctured LDPC codes but still provides a coding gain of several dB against uncoded OOK. The combination of channel coding and a bit interleaver results in performance improvements in turbulence conditions. For example, such a system can achieve a coding gain of 16.7 dB in moderate turbulence conditions compared to uncoded OOK

Signalling Crosstalk of Plant Defence Responses to Xylem-invading Pathogens

Xylem is a plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It consists of specialized water-conducting tracheary elements, supporting fibre cells and storage parenchyma cells. Certain plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria have evolved strategies to invade xylem vessels and cause highly destructive vascular wilt diseases that affect the crop production and forest ecosystems worldwide. In this chapter, we consider the molecular mechanisms of root-specific defence responses against vascular wilt pathogens, with an emphasis on the most important and well-studied fungal (Verticillium spp. and Fusarium oxysporum) and bacterial (Xanthomonas spp. and Ralstonia solanacearum) pathogens. In particular, we present the current understanding of plant immune responses, from invasion perception to signal transduction and termination. Furthermore, we address the role of specific transcription factors involved in plant immunity and their regulatory network. We also highlight the crucial roles of phytohormones as signalling molecules in local and systemic defence responses. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of plant defence responses to xylem-invading pathogens to devise new strategies and methods for controlling these destructive plant pathogens