The Number of Information Bits Related to the Minimum Quantum and Gravitational Masses in a Vacuum Dominated Universe

Wesson obtained a limit on quantum and gravitational mass in the universe by combining the cosmological constant Lambda, Planck constant, the speed of light c, and also the gravitational constant G. The corresponding masses are 2.0x10E-62 kg and 2.3E+54 kg respectively, and in general can be obtained with the help of a generic dimensional analysis, or from an analysis where the cosmological constant appears in a four dimensional space-time and as a result of a higher dimensional reduction. In this paper our goal is to establish a relation for both quantum and gravitational mass as function of the information number bit N. For this reason, we first derive an expression for the cosmological constant as a function of information bit, since both masses depend on it, and then various resulting relations are explored, in relation to information number of bits N. Fractional information bits imply no information extraction is possible. We see, that the order of magnitude of the various parameters as well as their ratios involve the large number 10E+122, that is produced naturally from the fundamental parameters of modern cosmology. Finally, we propose that in a complete quantum gravity theory the idea of information the might have to be included, with the quantum bits of information (q-bits) as one of its fundamental parameters, resulting thus to a more complete understanding of the universe, its laws, and its evolution.Comment: Cosmological constant, quantum mass, gravitational mass, information bit, fractional information bit, large number hypothesi

Bekenstein Bound of Information Number N and its Relation to Cosmological Parameters in a Universe with and without Cosmological Constant

Bekenstein has obtained is an upper limit on the entropy S, and from that, an information number bound N is deduced. In other words, this is the information contained within a given finite region of space that includes a finite amount of energy. Similarly, this can be thought as the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to its quantum level. If the energy and the region of space are finite then the number of information N required in describing the physical system is also finite. In this short letter two information number bounds are derived and compared for two types of universe. First, a universe without a cosmological constant lamda and second a universe with a cosmological constant lamda are investigated. This is achieved with the derivation of two different relations that connect the Hubble constant and cosmological constants to the number of information N. We find that the number of information N involved in a the two universes are identical or N1=N2, and that the total mass of the universe scales as the square root of the information number N, containing an information number N of the order of 10E+122. Finally, we expressed Calogero quantization action as a function of the number of information N. We also have found that in self gravitating systems the number of information N in nats is the ratio of the total kinetic to total thermal energy of the system.Comment: Bekenstein bound, cosmological constant, information, nats, entropy, mass of the universe, self-gravitating systems, Calogero's conjectur

The Mass of Graviton and Its Relation to the Number of Information according to the Holographic Principle

We investigate the relation of the mass of the graviton to the number of information in a flat universe. As a result we find that the mass of the graviton scales as gr ∝ 1/√. Furthermore, we find that the number of gravitons contained inside the observable horizon is directly proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr ∝ . Similarly, the total mass of gravitons that exist in the universe is proportional to the number of information ; that is, gr ∝ √. In an effort to establish a relation between the graviton mass and the basic parameters of the universe, we find that the mass of the graviton is simply twice the Hubble mass as it is defined by Gerstein et al. (2003), times the square root of the quantity − 1/2, where is the deceleration parameter of the universe. In relation to the geometry of the universe we find that the mass of the graviton varies according to the relation gr ∝ √sc, and therefore gr obviously controls the geometry of the space time through a deviation of the geodesic spheres from the spheres of Euclidean metric

Seismic reliability assessment of classical columns subjected to near-fault ground motions

A methodology for the performance-based seismic risk assessment of classical columns is presented. Despite their apparent instability, classical columns are, in general, earthquake resistant, as proven from the fact that many classical monuments have survived many strong earthquakes over the centuries. Nevertheless, the quantitative assessment of their reliability and the understanding of their dynamic behavior are not easy, because of the fundamental nonlinear character and the sensitivity of their response. In this paper, a seismic risk assessment is performed for a multidrum column using Monte Carlo simulation with synthetic ground motions. The ground motions adopted contain a high- and low-frequency component, combining the stochastic method, and a simple analytical pulse model to simulate the directivity pulse contained in near source ground motions. The deterministic model for the numerical analysis of the system is three-dimensional and is based on the Discrete Element Method. Fragility curves are produced conditional on magnitude and distance from the fault and also on scalar intensity measures for two engineering demand parameters, one concerning the intensity of the response during the ground shaking and the other the residual deformation of the column. Three performance levels are assigned to each engineering demand parameter. Fragility analysis demonstrated some of the salient features of these spinal systems under near-fault seismic excitations, as for example, their decreased vulnerability for very strong earthquakes of magnitude 7 or larger. The analysis provides useful results regarding the seismic reliability of classical monuments and decision making during restoration process

Fractal Growth on the Surface of a Planet and in Orbit around it

Fractals are defined as geometric shapes that exhibit symmetry of scale. This simply implies that fractal is a shape that it would still look the same even if somebody could zoom in on one of its parts an infinite number of times. This property is also called self-similarity with several applications including nano pharmacology and drug nano carriers. We are interested in the study of the properties of fractal aggregates in a microgravity environment above an orbiting spacecraft. To model the effect we use a complete expression for the gravitational acceleration. In particular on the surface of the Earth the acceleration is corrected for the effect of oblateness and rotation. In the gravitational acceleration the effect of oblateness can be modeled with the inclusion of a term that contains the J2 harmonic coefficient, as well as a term that depends on the square of angular velocity of the Earth. In orbit the acceleration of gravity at the point of the spacecraft is a function of the orbital elements and includes only in our case the J2 harmonic since no coriolis force is felt by the spacecraft. Using the fitting parameter d = 3.0 we have found that the aggregate monomer number N is not significantly affected and exhibits a minute 0.0001% difference between the geocentric and areocentric latitudes of 90 degrees and 0 degrees. Finally for circular and elliptical orbits around Earth and Mars of various inclinations and eccentricities the aggregate monomer number is not affected at all at the orbital altitude of 300 km.Comment: 24 pages, 10 Figures, Springer journal Microgravity - Science and Technology, 2014 (accepted, in press

Effects in the Anomalistic Period of Celestial Bodies due to a Logarithmic Correction to the Newtonian Gravitational Potential

We study the motion of a secondary celestial body under the influence of the logarithmic corrected gravitational force of a primary one. This kind of correction was introduced by Fabris et al. (2009). We derive two equations to compute the rate of change of the periastron w.r.t. the eccentric anomaly and its total variation over one revolution, In a kinematical sense, this influence produces an apsidal motion. We perform numerical estimations for Mercury and for the companion star of the pulsar PSR 1913+16. We also consider the case of the artificial Earth satellite GRACE-A, but the results present a low degree of reliability from a practical standpointComment: 12 pages, 5 figures, Published in Astrophysics and Space Science, 201

Dynamics and Stability of the Two Body Problem with Yukawa Correction

We explore the dynamics and stability of the two body problem by modifying the Newtonian potential with the Yukawa potential. This model may be considered a theory of modified gravity; where the interaction is not simply the kepler solution for large distance. The stability is investigated by deriving the Jacobian of the linearized matrix equation and evaluating the eigenvalues of the various equilibrium points calculated during the analysis. The subcases of a purely Yukawa and purely Newtonian potential are also explored

Number of Information and its Relation to the Cosmological Constant Resulting from Landauer’s Principle

Using a recent published formula for the number of information N that results from Landauer’s principle we obtain an expression for the cosmological constant Λ . Next, assuming the universe as a system of mass M satisfying Landauer’s principle and eliminating its mass M from the given expression for the number of information, we obtain a new expression that agrees with the one derived by Lloyd. Furthermore, we modify the generalized entropy relation and three equivalent entropy expressions are obtained. Finally, in two different universes the time rate of change of the entropy is calculated. In a flat universe the time rate of the entropy is time independent and depends on fundamental constants of physics