An efficient hardware architecture for H.264 adaptive deblocking filter algorithm

This paper presents an efficient hardware architecture for real-time implementation of adaptive deblocking filter algorithm used in H.264 video coding standard. This hardware is designed to be used as part of a complete H.264 video coding system for portable applications. We use a novel edge filter ordering in a Macroblock to prevent the deblocking filter hardware from unnecessarily waiting for the pixels that will be filtered become available. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog HDL. The Verilog RTL code is verified to work at 72 MHz in a Xilinx Virtex II FPGA. The FPGA implementation can code 30 CIF frames (352x288) per second

Odd q-State Clock Spin-Glass Models in Three Dimensions, Asymmetric Phase Diagrams, and Multiple Algebraically Ordered Phases

Distinctive orderings and phase diagram structures are found, from renormalization-group theory, for odd q-state clock spin-glass models in d=3 dimensions. These models exhibit asymmetric phase diagrams, as is also the case for quantum Heisenberg spin-glass models. No finite-temperature spin-glass phase occurs. For all odd $q\geqslant 5$, algebraically ordered antiferromagnetic phases occur. One such phase is dominant and occurs for all $q\geqslant 5$. Other such phases occupy small low-temperature portions of the phase diagrams and occur for $5 \leqslant q \leqslant 15$. All algebraically ordered phases have the same structure, determined by an attractive finite-temperature sink fixed point where a dominant and a subdominant pair states have the only non-zero Boltzmann weights. The phase transition critical exponents quickly saturate to the high q value.Comment: Published version, 9 pages, 10 phase diagrams, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Overfrustrated and Underfrustrated Spin-Glasses in d=3 and 2: Evolution of Phase Diagrams and Chaos Including Spin-Glass Order in d=2

In spin-glass systems, frustration can be adjusted continuously and considerably, without changing the antiferromagnetic bond probability p, by using locally correlated quenched randomness, as we demonstrate here on hypercubic lattices and hierarchical lattices. Such overfrustrated and underfrustrated Ising systems on hierarchical lattices in d=3 and 2 are studied. With the removal of just 51 % of frustration, a spin-glass phase occurs in d=2. With the addition of just 33 % frustration, the spin-glass phase disappears in d=3. Sequences of 18 different phase diagrams for different levels of frustration are calculated in both dimensions. In general, frustration lowers the spin-glass ordering temperature. At low temperatures, increased frustration favors the spin-glass phase (before it disappears) over the ferromagnetic phase and symmetrically the antiferromagnetic phase. When any amount, including infinitesimal, frustration is introduced, the chaotic rescaling of local interactions occurs in the spin-glass phase. Chaos increases with increasing frustration, as seen from the increased positive value of the calculated Lyapunov exponent $\lambda$, starting from $\lambda =0$ when frustration is absent. The calculated runaway exponent $y_R$ of the renormalization-group flows decreases with increasing frustration to $y_R=0$ when the spin-glass phase disappears. From our calculations of entropy and specific heat curves in d=3, it is seen that frustration lowers in temperature the onset of both long- and short-range order in spin-glass phases, but is more effective on the former. From calculations of the entropy as a function of antiferromagnetic bond concentration p, it is seen that the ground-state and low-temperature entropy already mostly sets in within the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases, before the spin-glass phase is reached.Comment: Published version, 18 phase diagrams, 12 figures, 10 page

A reconfigurable frame interpolation hardware architecture for high definition video

Since Frame Rate Up-Conversion (FRC) is started to be used in recent consumer electronics products like High Definition TV, real-time and low cost implementation of FRC algorithms has become very important. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a low cost hardware architecture for realtime implementation of frame interpolation algorithms. The proposed hardware architecture is reconfigurable and it allows adaptive selection of frame interpolation algorithms for each Macroblock. The proposed hardware architecture is implemented in VHDL and mapped to a low cost Xilinx XC3SD1800A-4 FPGA device. The implementation results show that the proposed hardware can run at 101 MHz on this FPGA and consumes 32 BRAMs and 15384 slices

A High performance and low cost hardware arcitecture for H.264 transform and quantization algorithms

In this paper, we present a high performance and low cost hardware architecture for real-time implementation of forward transform and quantization and inverse transform and quantization algorithms used in H.264 / MPEG4 Part 10 video coding standard. The hard-ware architecture is based on a reconfigurable datapath with only one multiplier. This hardware is designed to be used as part of a complete low power H.264 video coding system for portable appli-cations. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog HDL. The Verilog RTL code is verified to work at 81 MHz in a Xilinx Virtex II FPGA and it is verified to work at 210 MHz in a 0.18´ ASIC implementation. The FPGA and ASIC implementations can code 27 and 70 VGA frames (640x480) per second respectively

Characterization of the potential smoothness of one-dimensional Dirac operator subject to general boundary conditions and its Riesz basis property

The one-dimensional Dirac operator with periodic potential $V=\begin{pmatrix} 0 & \mathcal{P}(x) \\ \mathcal{Q}(x) & 0 \end{pmatrix}$, where $\mathcal{P},\mathcal{Q}\in L^2([0,\pi])$ subject to periodic, antiperiodic or a general strictly regular boundary condition $(bc)$ has discrete spectrums. It is known that, for large enough $|n|$ in the disc centered at $n$ of radius 1/4, the operator has exactly two (periodic if $n$ is even or antiperiodic if $n$ is odd) eigenvalues $\lambda_n^+$ and $\lambda_n^-$ (counted according to multiplicity) and one eigenvalue $\mu_n^{bc}$ corresponding to the boundary condition $(bc)$. We prove that the smoothness of the potential could be characterized by the decay rate of the sequence $|\delta_n^{bc}|+|\gamma_n|$, where $\delta_n^{bc}=\mu_n^{bc}-\lambda_n^+$ and $\gamma_n=\lambda_n^+-\lambda_n^-.$ Furthermore, it is shown that the Dirac operator with periodic or antiperiodic boundary condition has the Riesz basis property if and only if $\sup\limits_{\gamma_n\neq0} \frac{|\delta_n^{bc}|}{|\gamma_n|}$ is finite.Comment: 29 pages, no figur

An efficient hardware architecture for H.264 intra prediction algorithm

In this paper, we present an efficient hardware architecture for real-time implementation of intra prediction algorithm used in H.264 / MPEG4 Part 10 video coding standard. The hardware design is based on a novel organization of the intra prediction equations. This hardware is designed to be used as part of a complete H.264 video coding system for portable applications. The proposed architecture is implemented in Verilog HDL. The Verilog RTL code is verified to work at 90 MHz in a Xilinx Virtex II FPGA. The FPGA implementation can process 27 VGA frames (640x480) per second

Multicriteria sustainability evaluation of transport networks for selected European countries

As an essential economic activity, transportation has complex interactions with the environment and society. Since the concept of sustainable development has become one of the top priorities for nations, there has been a growing interest in evaluating the performance of transport systems with respect to sustainability issues. The main purpose of this study is to introduce a decision making framework to assess the sustainability of the transport networks in a multidimensional setting and a technique to identify non-compromise alternatives. We also propose an elucidation technique to identify according to which criteria a system needs to be improved and how much improvement is required to attain a certain level of sustainability. The proposed methods are applied to a set of selected European countries within a case study