Metamorphism, Deformation, Geochemistry, and Tectonics of Exhumed Ultramafic and Mafic Rocks in the Central and North-Central Vermont Appalachians

The Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic metamorphic, deformational, geochemical, and tectonic history of the Vermont Appalachians is preserved in ultramafic, mafic, and pelitic rocks exposed west of the Iapetan suture zone in the Green Mountain and Rowe Slices of Vermont. Whole-rock geochemical analyses of polymetamorphosed amphibole-bearing mafic rocks within this zone are consistent with subalkaline basalt/gabbro protoliths that varied regionally with respect to REE concentrations inherited during crystallization. The mafic rocks that are in contact with ultramafics preserve MORB signatures, while the mafic rocks that are not in contact with ultramafics preserve REE signatures that range from MORB and OIB to signatures more enriched than OIB. Whole-rock geochemical relationships of the mafic rocks fit well into a tectonic model involving the emplacement of mafic crust that evolved geochemically through time as rift-related magmatism progressed in the Neoproterozoic during the break-up of Rodinia and the development of the Iapetus Ocean basin. New evidence for subduction of the Iapetan Ocean basin during the Taconian Orogeny comes from the metamorphic petrology and structural relationships of an ultramafic-mafic-pelitic mélange in Stockbridge, Vermont that formed in the Taconian subduction zone. Polymetamorphosed mafic units in Stockbridge are intercalated with pelitic meta-sediment along a Taconian fabric, which is juxtaposed against fault-bounded, partially carbonatized serpentinite lozenges that are multiply-deformed. In general, the lithologic relationships and structural styles preserved in Stockbridge are similar to those preserved in subduction zone rocks of the Tillotson Peak and Belvidere Mountain Complexes farther north. New geothermobarometric estimates derived from pseudosection analyses of eclogite from the Tillotson Peak Complex and amphibolite from the Belvidere Mountain Complex show peak Taconian metamorphism at 2.5 GPa and 1.2 – 1.3 GPa, respectively. In Stockbridge, geothermobarometric estimates derived from pseudosection analyses of mafic assemblages containing chemically-zoned amphibole indicate that peak Taconian metamorphism of the mafic units occurred between 0.8 GPa and 1.4 GPa and involved the growth of barroisite, winchite, and magnesio-hornblende. Variable amphibole chemistry coupled with interpretative changes in mineral parageneses through time describes retrograde pressure-temperature decompression paths that culminated with the growth of actinolite in the mafic rocks at or below 0.5 GPa. For the ultramafics in Stockbridge, pseudosection analyses indicate that hydration-induced peak Taconian metamorphism occurred at 2.0 GPa and carbonatization overprint accompanied decompression to 0.4 GPa, the pressure at which the ultramafics were partially chloritized. Conditions of peak metamorphism for the ultramafics in Stockbridge are consistent with a mantle wedge source, while the mafic rocks in Stockbridge were either derived from a Taconian slab or are volcaniclastic remnants of a Taconian accretionary wedge. Consistent with geochronological data from polymetamorphosed mafic rocks throughout Vermont (e.g. Laird et al., 1984), both actinolite and chlorite overprint in the mafic rocks in Stockbridge and chlorite overprint in the ultramafics are interpreted to be a result of Acadian orogenesis. Low-viscosity channels composed of hydrated ultramafics, partially molten sediment, and partially molten crust provided exhumation pathways for the high pressure mafic and ultramafic rocks in Vermont. Lithological packages such as the Tillotson Peak Complex, the Belvidere Mountain Complex, and the Stockbridge mélange were assembled within these exhumation channels as different lithologies were exhumed from the Taconian subduction zone. Accordingly, these ultramafic, mafic, and pelitic subduction zone remnants in Vermont are ideal subjects for examining the chemical and physical dynamics of a subduction zone

Philosophy and Design of Modern Fresh Start Policies: The Evolution of Canada\u27s Legislative Policy

The fresh start concept-the restoration of a bankrupt to his or her former debt-free status-originated in the United States. While lip service is paid to it in Canada, the author\u27s review of the English origins and subsequent evolution of Canadian bankruptcy legislation indicates that a strong commitment to the fresh start policy has never been the Canadian philosophy. Rehabilitation of the debtor is not a matter of great concern in Canada. Indeed, the Canadian legislative policy has always been restrictive of the rights of debtors. With the passage of amendments to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (BIA) in 1992 and 1997, the Canadian legislation now is increasingly so with the new rules, new conditions, new restrictions, and new penalties placed in the way of debtors\u27 access to a discharge and a fresh start for bankrupts

Attachment Style and Development in the Canadian Summer Camp Context: A Quantitative Analysis of Direct and Indirect Associations Using Phase III CSCRP Data

Psychosocial development is an ongoing processes beginning from birth. Attachment theory, as outlined by John Bowlby, takes a working model of self and others approach to explaining the associated psychosocial developmental phenomena (1969). The summer camp experience is a unique social setting where a child is separated from their primary attachment figure for a prolonged period of time and peers can play a larger supportive role. Applying attachment theory to the summer camp experience can help develop an understanding of the developmental processes within the summer camp experience as well as inform summer camp programming and protocol considerations aimed to support all campers. Using data from Phase III of the Canadian Summer Camp Research Project, the direct and indirect associations of attachment style with outcomes of independence, self-confidence, and emotional well-being were assessed using Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression modelling, bootstrapping based mediation analysis, and bootstrapping based interaction modelling. Although negative correlations between attachment constructs and developmental outcomes were identified, a significant direct effect for avoidance but not anxiety was found during regression modelling. Bootstrapping analysis further revealed that social connections at camp and exploration combined were a significant mediator of the relationships between avoidance and the development of independence, self-confidence, and emotional well-being. Additionally, social connections only mediated self-confidence, exploration only mediated independence, and both exploration only and social connections at camp independently moderated development of emotional well-being. A significant interaction term was also found for anxiety and avoidance combined. The interaction indicates that those who are highly avoidant and highly anxious tend to have the lowest levels of developmental outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights regarding the role of attachment history and elements of the camp experience as a mechanistic explanation for individual differences in developmental outcomes of the summer camp experience. However, further research should aim to determine the role of anxiety in low-income populations to better understand implications of expanding the reach of summer camp programs and how to foster development within a broader population of campers

A Difference of Degrees: Ernst Juenger, the National Socialists, and a New Europe

Thesis advisor: Devin PendasErnst Juenger lived through almost the entire 20th century. This longevity has placed him at the center of many of the most defining moments of modern German history. It is not, however, simply his longevity but his attitudes that have caused such a controversy to grow up around him. A staunch nationalist and one might venture to say, war-monger, during the First World War and a virulent enemy of the Weimar Republic, many historians have classified him as a Nazi author. This thesis explores the relationsihp of Ernst Juenger to the National Socialists in the context of his writing and political leanings between the First World War and the end of the Second. Without understanding the integral differences between his ideology and that of the NSDAP (namely their divergence on the issues of racial purity, parliamentarianism, communism, the use of power, and the position of art)one cannot appreciate his place in history and his perspective on Germany.Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006.Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences.Discipline: History.Discipline: College Honors Program

Occurrence of the Ambrosia Beetle Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) on the Island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA

We report the first record of an ambrosia beetle, Xyleborinus exiguus (Walker 1859) (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) in the USA found on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi