When Language Breaks

In “Logic and Conversation,” H. P. Grice posits that in conversations, we are “always-already” implying certain things about the subjects of our words while abiding by certain rules to aid in understanding. It is my view, however, that Grice’s so-called “cooperative principle” can be analyzed under the traditional Heideggerian dichotomy of ready-to-hand and present-at-hand wherein language can be viewed as a “mere” tool that sometimes breaks. Ultimately, I contend that the likening of language to a tool allows for a more robust understanding of it and conversational failures, while ontologically recategorizing language as an object of sorts

The Presence Of James Joyce In The Poetry And Prose Of A M Klein

This thesis examines the details of A. M. Klein\u27s interest in James Joyce, as well as Joyce\u27s effect on Klein\u27s major works. Klein\u27s fascination with Joyce\u27s literary innovations is apparent in almost every aspect of his literary career, and there is evidence to suggest that Klein\u27s involvement with Joyce\u27s writing spans almost his entire career as a writer. Klein\u27s attraction to Joyce\u27s writing stimulated his artistic development, and his attempts to write critical essays on Joyce\u27s novel Ulysses ultimately drew him away from his creative writing.;In Chapter 1, the available information on Klein\u27s involvement in Joyce studies is presented in chronological order. This information includes Klein\u27s letters to various correspondents, an application that he submitted to the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, and the marginal notes in books from his personal library. Together, these pieces of information form a narrative which may subsequently be applied to critical readings of Klein\u27s criticism, poetry and prose.;Chapter 2 places Klein\u27s three critical essays on Ulysses within the context of the evolution of his Joyce studies. These essays are also examined in the context of Klein\u27s critical apprenticeship, which includes readings in the Talmud and New Criticism. The annotations in books of criticism from Klein\u27s personal library inform the discussion of his Joyce criticism.;Joyce\u27s presence in Klein\u27s poetry is discussed in Chapter 3, beginning with examinations of the three poems that he announced as experiments in Joyce\u27s techniques. The poetry that Klein wrote after these experiments is then considered in the context of his earlier approaches to Joyce\u27s linguistic style.;Chapter 4 examines how the structure of Klein\u27s novel, The Second Scroll, is guided by his studies of Joyce\u27s novel, Ulysses. Klein\u27s third Ulysses essay, A Shout in the Street, argues that the second chapter of Ulysses employs Vico\u27s cyclical pattern of history to move toward a providential moment. Similarly, Klein\u27s novel follows a cyclical pattern in its progress toward a new age of divinity in Israel

Rail transit fare collection: Policy and technology assessment

The impact of fare policies and fare structure on the selection of equipment was investigated, fare collection systems are described, hardware and technology related problems are documented, and the requirements of a fare collection simulation model are outlined. Major findings include: (1) a wide variation in the fare collection systems and equipment, caused primarily by historical precedence; (2) the reliability of AFC equipment used at BART and WMATA discouraged other properties from considering use of similar equipment; (3) existing equipment may not meet the fare collection needs of properties in the near future; (4) the cost of fare collection operation and maintenance is high; and (5) the relatively small market in fare collection equipment discourages new product development by suppliers. Recommendations for fare collection R&D programs include development of new hardware to meet rail transit needs, study of impacts of alternate fare policies increased communication among policymakers, and consensus on fare policy issues