Who Are the Real Cyberbullies: Hackers or the FTC? The Fairness of the FTC’s Authority in the Data Security Context

As technology continues to be an integral part of daily life, there lies an ever-increasing threat of the personally identifiable information of consumers being lost, stolen, or accessed without authorization. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is the U.S. government’s primary consumer protection agency and the country’s lead enforcer against companies subject to data breaches. Although the FTC lacks explicit statutory authority to enforce against data breaches, the Commission has successfully relied on Section 5 of the FTC Act (FTCA) to exercise its consumer protection power in the data security context. However, as the FTC continues to take action against businesses whose unfair data security practices have led to data breaches, private companies are questioning the agency’s authority to do so. Thus, the FTC is pushing for federal legislation to strengthen its existing authority to govern business entities’ data security practices. Part I of this Comment examines the FTC’s exercise of authority with regard to data breaches under Section 5 of the FTCA, noting that, over the course of many actions, the FTC’s authority on such matters was not contested, resulting in settlements between the parties. Part II discusses how certain companies have challenged the FTC’s authority to take enforcement actions against data breaches, and how recent court rulings may affect the results of a potential Target breach investigation. Part III discusses how recently introduced federal legislation may deter data breaches by clearly establishing the FTC’s authority while also proposing an extension of this legislation to ensure that liability is imposed against all entities that are subject to data breaches

Sliding Mode Control and Vision-Based Line Tracking for Quadrotors

This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition.This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition

Sliding Mode Control and Vision-Based Line Tracking for Quadrotors

This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition.This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition

Sliding Mode Control and Vision-Based Line Tracking for Quadrotors

This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition.This thesis describes the design of Sliding Mode Control applied to quadrotor UAV flight. This is a nonlinear control technique in which a discontinuous control signal is applied to drive the so-called sliding variable to zero, which defines the sliding surface. The sliding variable should be designed in such a way that approaching the sliding surface is beneficial to tracking the reference signals. The advantages of Sliding Mode Control are that the need for simplifying the underlying dynamical model through linearization is avoided, it is robust and adaptive, and works even if the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear or has model uncertainties. Sliding Mode Control has one major issue associated with it, namely the chattering phenomena in the control inputs, which is undesirable. This can be tackled by approximating the discontinuous sign function in the control input with a approximated continuous function, or by applying techniques such as adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling. As with other control methods, Sliding Mode Control requires tuning of the control parameters to obtain an optimal performance. In this work, genetic algorithms were investigated as a way to tune the controller parameters. The findings of this thesis were combined with the design of a line tracking algorithm in order to enter the MathWorks Minidrone Competition

De glemte stemmene: Historier fra britiske etterlatte etter Alexander L. Kielland-ulykken.

Formålet med dette forskningsprosjektet er å belyse de ulike erfaringene britiske etterlatte måtte leve gjennom i etterkant av Alexander L. Kielland-ulykken. I mange år har årsaksforklaringer vært dominerende i debatten om ulykken. Det er først i senere tid at personene som ble berørt av havariet deler sine opplevelser og erfaringer. Søkelyset har da hovedsakelig vært rettet mot de norske berørte. Dette forskningsprosjektet har derfor valgt å fokusere på en marginalisert gruppe etter katastrofen, de britiske etterlatte. Forskningsprosjektet handler derfor i stor grad om å presentere minnene til denne gruppen for å kunne formidle de glemte stemmene. Ulykken rammet familier og berørte i åtte ulike land. Den største ikke-norske gruppen besto av 34 britiske statsborgere, hvorav 20 omkom. I tilknytning til de 20 omkomne britene har vi vært i direkte eller indirekte kontakt med ni av familiene. Innsamlingen av minnene er gjort gjennom fire dagers feltarbeid i Storbritannia. De har delt sine historier knyttet til tiden rundt selve ulykken og tiden etter, noe som har vært med på å belyse situasjonen de befant seg i. Resultatet viser at de etterlatte etter Kielland-ulykken har blitt gruppert og ignorert, noe som har medført at enkeltmennesket ikke ble sett og dets behov ikke kartlagt. Med teori fra professor Atle Dyregrov har vi presentert ulike risikoer etterlatte møtte, samt ulike tiltak som kunne blitt iverksatt. Ved å henvise til Riksrevisjonens undersøkelse av Kielland-ulykken, har vi vist hvordan de etterlattes behov for oppfølging etter ulykken var godt kjent for helsemyndighetene. Norge var på dette tidspunktet ledende i katastrofepsykiatri, og satt med både kompetanse og kunnskap for å ivareta de etterlatte. De britiske etterlatte opplevde en taushetskultur preget av informasjonssvikt, samt mangel på oppfølging og validering av det de gjennomgikk. Deres subjektive oppfatning av hendelsen gir grunnlag for en ny del av Kielland-forskningen.The purpose of this research project is to shed light on the various experiences British bereaved families went through in the aftermath of the Alexander L. Kielland disaster. For many years, various hypothesis and causal explanations have dominated the debate about the tragedy. It is only in recent times that those affected by the accident have started to share their experiences and memories. However, the focus has mainly been on the Norwegians. Therefore, this research project has chosen to focus on a marginalised group, the British bereaved families, to present their forgotten voices. The disaster affected families and individuals in eight different countries. The largest non-Norwegian group consisted of 34 British citizens, of whom 20 perished. We have been in direct or indirect contact with nine families of the deceased British citizens. The collection of memories was conducted through four days of fieldwork in the United Kingdom. Our interviewees shared their stories about the time of the accident and the aftermath, shedding light on their situation. The findings indicate that the bereaved families affected by the Kielland disaster have been grouped and largely ignored, resulting in the individual not being seen and their needs not being identified. Drawing on the theoretical framework proposed by Professor Atle Dyregrov, we have presented various risks faced by the bereaved and proposed different measures that could have been implemented. By referring to the investigation conducted by the Office of the Auditor General of Norway regarding the Kielland disaster, we have demonstrated that the authorities were well aware of the follow-up needs of the bereaved after the accident. At that time, Norway was at the forefront of disaster psychiatry, possessing both expertise and knowledge to support the bereaved. The British bereaved families experienced a culture of silence, characterised by a lack of information, conversation, and validation of what they went through. Their subjective perception of events adds new aspects to the Kielland research

Prevalence of Cam Morphology in Females with Femoroacetabular Impingement

Cam and pincer are two common morphologies responsible for femoroacetabular impingement. Previous literature has reported that cam deformity is predominantly a male morphology, while being significantly less common in females. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cam morphology in female subjects diagnosed with symptomatic FAI. All females presenting to the senior author’s clinic diagnosed with symptomatic FAI between December 2006 and Cam and pincer are two common morphologies responsible for femoroacetabular impingement. Previous literature has reported that cam deformity is predominantly a male morphology, while being significantly less common in females. Cam morphology is commonly assessed with the alpha angle, measured on radiographs. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of cam morphology utilizing the alpha angle in female subjects diagnosed with symptomatic FAI. All females presenting to the senior author’s clinic diagnosed with symptomatic FAI between December 2006 and January 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Alpha (α) angles were measured on AP (anteroposterior) and lateral (Dunn 90°, cross-table lateral, and/or frog-leg lateral) plain radiographs by two blinded physicians, and the largest measured angle was used. Using Gosvig et al.’s classification, alpha angle was characterized as (pathologic > 57°), borderline (51-56°), subtle (46-50°), very subtle (43-45°), or normal (≤42°). Three hundred and ninety-one patients (438 hips) were analyzed (age 36.2 ± 12.3 years). Among the hips included, 35.6% were normal, 14.6% pathologic, 15.1% borderline, 14.6% subtle, and 20.1% very subtle. There was no correlation between alpha angle and patient age (R = 0.17) or body mass index (BMI) (R = 0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for α-angle measurements was 0.84. Sixty-four percent of females in this cohort had an alpha angle > 42°. Subtle cam deformity plays a significant role in the pathoanatomy of female patients with symptomatic FAI. As the majority of revision hip arthroscopies are performed due to incomplete cam correction, hip arthroscopists need to be cognizant of and potentially surgically address these subtle lesions

Behovet for informasjon om seksuell helse ved brystkreft

Bakgrunn: Brystkreft er den hyppigste formen for kreft hos kvinner i Norge. Da overlevelsesraten er høy vil flere brystkreftpasienter ha behov for individuell oppfølging av sin seksuelle helse. I praksisutøvelse har vi erfart at seksualitet ofte blir glemt som et grunnleggende behov og at sykepleiere ikke har nok kunnskap. En konsekvens av dette kan være at pasienten sitt informasjonsbehov omkring sin seksuelle helse blir forsømt. Hensikt: Hensikten med oppgaven er å beskrive hvordan sykepleiere kan ivareta informasjonsbehovet omkring temaet seksuell helse hos kvinner under og i etterkant av behandling for brystkreft. Videre ønsker vi å belyse hvilke utfordringer sykepleier opplever i samtaler om seksuell helse med denne pasientgruppen. Metode: I denne oppgaven er litteraturoversikt brukt som metode, der fire forskningsartikler ble valgt ut og analysert. Resultatene i forskningsartiklene og relevant bakgrunnslitteratur er brukt til å besvare oppgaven. Resultat: Resultatene viser at sykepleiere mangler kompetanse om seksuell helse ved brystkreft og er usikre i samtaler. Disse utfordringene har innvirkning på ivaretakelsen av brystkreftpasienters informasjonsbeho

Heterogeneity of tibial plateau cartilage in response to a physiological compressive strain rate

Knowledge of the extent to which tibial plateau cartilage displays non‐uniform mechanical topography under physiologically relevant loading conditions is critical to evaluating the role of biomechanics in knee osteoarthritis. Cartilage explants from 21 tibial plateau sites of eight non‐osteoarthritic female cadaveric knees (age: 41–54; BMI: 14–20) were tested in unconfined compression at 100% strain/s. The elastic tangent modulus at 10% strain ( E 10% ) was calculated for each site and averaged over four geographic regions: not covered by meniscus (I); covered by meniscus—anterior (II); covered by meniscus—exterior (III); and covered by meniscus—posterior (IV). A repeated‐measures mixed model analysis of variance was used to test for effects of plateau, region, and their interaction on E 10% . Effect sizes were calculated for each region pair. E 10% was significantly different ( p  < 0.05) for all regional comparisons, except I–II and III–IV. The regional pattern of variation was consistent across individuals. Moderate to strong effect sizes were evident for regional comparisons other than I–II on the lateral side and III–IV on both sides. Healthy tibial cartilage exhibits significant mechanical heterogeneity that manifests in a common regional pattern across individuals. These findings provide a foundation for evaluating the biomechanical mechanisms of knee osteoarthritis. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 370–375, 2013Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/96249/1/22226_ftp.pd