INTERNATIONAL JOINT VENTURES BETWEEN FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES

This thesis focuses on two markets: France and the United States. Although these markets are competitive in several areas, sometimes some cooperation is needed in order to achieve a successful venture. The focus of this thesis is on two major issues. First, how can an American company, with a French partner, venture in France? And, second, how can a French company invade the U.S. market, with the help of a local company? To narrow the focus of this thesis, these multipartite joint ventures are to be dealt with. The thesis concerns the joint ventures made from two corporations, one from the United States, the other from France, with one of them deciding to venture in the foreign market (either France or the United States), with the help of a local partner. this thesis also elaborates on the association of two separate independent corporations in a business enterprise, over the management of which they exercised common control. The venture may or may not be profit-oriented and may or may not be carried out through the means of a corporation. It may be intended to be either temporarily or of indefinite duration

Emergence of macroscopic directed motion in populations of motile colloids

From the formation of animal flocks to the emergence of coordinate motion in bacterial swarms, at all scales populations of motile organisms display coherent collective motion. This consistent behavior strongly contrasts with the difference in communication abilities between the individuals. Guided by this universal feature, physicists have proposed that solely alignment rules at the individual level could account for the emergence of unidirectional motion at the group level. This hypothesis has been supported by agent-based simulations. However, more complex collective behaviors have been systematically found in experiments including the formation of vortices, fluctuating swarms, clustering and swirling. All these model systems predominantly rely on actual collisions to display collective motion. As a result, the potential local alignment rules are entangled with more complex, often unknown, interactions. The large-scale behavior of the populations therefore depends on these uncontrolled microscopic couplings. Here, we demonstrate a new phase of active matter. We reveal that dilute populations of millions of colloidal rollers self-organize to achieve coherent motion along a unique direction, with very few density and velocity fluctuations. Identifying the microscopic interactions between the rollers allows a theoretical description of this polar-liquid state. Comparison of the theory with experiment suggests that hydrodynamic interactions promote the emergence of collective motion either in the form of a single macroscopic flock at low densities, or in that of a homogenous polar phase at higher densities. Furthermore, hydrodynamics protects the polar-liquid state from the giant density fluctuations. Our experiments demonstrate that genuine physical interactions at the individual level are sufficient to set homogeneous active populations into stable directed motion

Une ṭablītō syriaque orthodoxe en Érythrée datée de 1295/1296 : un témoin des « métropolites syriens » ?

A wooden altar tablet (ṭablītō) inscribed in Syriac, consecrated by an ‘Athanasius bishop of Ethiopia’ in 1295/1296 CE was recently documented from a church in the nearby of Asmara, in Eritrea. The note provides edition, translation, and commentary of the text, as well as a first assessment of its meaning in connection with the debated issue of the presence of Syrian prelates in Ethiopia and Eritrea at the end of the thirteenth century. The wooden tablet is the only ancient or medieval written object in Syriac script or language that has so far been found in Ethiopia or Eritrea

Agir projectif, action collective et autonomie

Une théorie de l’action collective ne peut délaisser la question de l’émergence et de l’autonomie des collectifs. On mesure pourtant que les théories de l’entreprise dominantes dans le champ gestionnaire n’abordent pas directement cette question. Cette insuffisance plaide pour une théorie de l’action collective fondée sur le projet, ou project-based view, et la reconnaissance d’un agir projectif. La prise en compte des projets des acteurs à l’échelle individuelle et à l’échelle collective permet de revenir sur la question d’une théorie de l’action collective pertinente pour les sciences de gestion.A theory of collective action cannot ignore the question of emergence and autonomy of organizations. But the dominant theories of the firm in the field of management do not approach directly this question. This incapacity calls for a project-based view of collective action and the recognition of a projective behavior. Taking into account the actors’ projects, at the indivivual and the collective levels, allows to re-examine the question of a relevant theory of collective action for the sciences of management.Una teoría de la acción colectiva no puede abandonar la cuestión de la emergencia y de la autonomía de los colectivos. Medimos sin embargo que las teorías de la empresa dominantes en el campo gestor directamente no abordan esta cuestión. Esta insuficiencia pleitea por una teoría de la acción colectiva fundada sobre el proyecto y el reconocimiento (agradecimiento) de uno actuar proyectivo. La tomada en consideración de los proyectos de los actores a la escala individual y a la escala colectiva permite volver sobre la cuestión de una teoría de la acción colectiva pertinente para las ciencias de gestión

Agir projectif, action collective et autonomie

Une théorie de l’action collective ne peut délaisser la question de l’émergence et de l’autonomie des collectifs. On mesure pourtant que les théories de l’entreprise dominantes dans le champ gestionnaire n’abordent pas directement cette question. Cette insuffisance plaide pour une théorie de l’action collective fondée sur le projet, ou project-based view, et la reconnaissance d’un agir projectif. La prise en compte des projets des acteurs à l’échelle individuelle et à l’échelle collective permet de revenir sur la question d’une théorie de l’action collective pertinente pour les sciences de gestion.A theory of collective action cannot ignore the question of emergence and autonomy of organizations. But the dominant theories of the firm in the field of management do not approach directly this question. This incapacity calls for a project-based view of collective action and the recognition of a projective behavior. Taking into account the actors’ projects, at the indivivual and the collective levels, allows to re-examine the question of a relevant theory of collective action for the sciences of management.Una teoría de la acción colectiva no puede abandonar la cuestión de la emergencia y de la autonomía de los colectivos. Medimos sin embargo que las teorías de la empresa dominantes en el campo gestor directamente no abordan esta cuestión. Esta insuficiencia pleitea por una teoría de la acción colectiva fundada sobre el proyecto y el reconocimiento (agradecimiento) de uno actuar proyectivo. La tomada en consideración de los proyectos de los actores a la escala individual y a la escala colectiva permite volver sobre la cuestión de una teoría de la acción colectiva pertinente para las ciencias de gestión

Unicode Technical Note #52: Christian Palestinian Aramaic Encoding

This document is Unicode Technical Notes (https://www.unicode.org/notes/) and makes available existing material and information to encode Christian Palestinian Aramaic (CPA). The third version, dated 22.12.23, is the final one, with the new CPA font produced by the team. See https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn52