Le squelette et sa pathologie chez les reptiles

Les affections squelettiques sont de nature variée chez les reptiles. Elles nécessitent pour les individus une prise en charge adaptée et pour le clinicien une connaissance des particularités de leur squelette. Ce travail est une étude bibliographique divisée en trois parties. Dans un premier temps seront abordées la classification, l’anatomie et la physiologie osseuse des reptiles. Puis sera décrite la conduite à suivre lors d’une consultation, de l’anamnèse aux examens complémentaires. L’analgésie, la fluidothérapie et l’anesthésie seront entre autre détaillées à ce moment-là. Dans un dernier temps, les principales affections osseuses et articulaires des reptiles feront l’objet d’une description détaillée, selon trois chapitres : un premier sur les maladies osseuses métaboliques, un second sur la traumatologie des reptiles et un dernier groupe regroupant les processus infectieux, néoplasiques, dégénératifs, inflammatoires et congénitaux

Characterization of the Structure, Regulation, and Function of CsgDmediated Escherichia coli Biofilms.

Biofilms are communities of bacteria bound together by an extracellular matrix. Biofilm formation correlates with increased resistance to environmental stresses, both in an infection setting and in the non-host environment. Enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli form biofilms by producing two matrix components, amyloidogenic curli fibers and the polysaccharide cellulose. I investigated the architecture, regulation, and function of rugose biofilms produced by the uropathogenic E. coli strain UTI89. Rugose biofilms are matrix-dependent, wrinkled colonies that form on agar plates. Using confocal microscopy and various molecular techniques I found that in rugose colonies, matrix production is limited to cells at the air/biofilm interface. Bacteria lining the interior of the biofilm do not produce matrix. Furthermore, the two biofilm populations can be mechanically separated by washing the biofilm in buffer. Interior cells wash easily into suspension while the matrix-encased exterior maintains its shape and stays aggregated. By investigating environmental cues that affect rugose colony development, I found that iron is a key regulator in biofilm formation. While E. coli produces matrix in both low and high iron conditions, iron induces the development of wrinkled, rugose colony biofilms. Iron-driven biofilm formation is not dependent on the presence of iron per se, but on cellular oxidation which results from iron exposure. Using low iron conditions, I screened for redox-sensitive regulators that affect rugose biofilm formation. I found that the ArcAB two-component system drives rugose development in response to redox-balance. In E. coli and many other enteric bacteria, biofilms are only produced at low temperatures (<30°C) and in low salt conditions. I hypothesized that such conditions would be prominent outside of the host, and that development of curli/cellulose-dependent biofilms could allow for environmental persistence. I therefore tested whether rugose biofilm formation could confer resistance to environmental stresses such as oxidation and predation. Indeed, rugose biofilm formation correlated with resistance to hydrogen peroxide stress and to killing by the predatory nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the soil bacteria Myxococcus xanthus. Altogether my work outlines a model where non-host regulatory signals lead to production of a biofilm matrix that protects E. coli against environmental stresses.PhDMicrobiology & ImmunologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109014/1/whdepas_1.pd

Persepsi Pengunjung Terhadap Komponen Pariwisata Di Kawasan Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest

Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest is one of the tourist attractions in Bogor Regency, which was initially jointly managed by the Korea-Indonesia Forest Center and Perum Perhutani. However, the collaboration ended in 2021, so the management was transferred to KPH Bogor. The transfer of authority significantly led to adjustments by the administration since this area was previously affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The adjustment needs to consider how visitors perceive the tourism components in the Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest area. Thus, this study analyzes visitor perceptions of the SEETF Area tourist attraction. The method used in determining the sample is the accidental sampling method. It collects data using interviews, questionnaires, field observations, and literature studies. Visitors perceptions of the four components of tourism tend to be quite good. The attraction component gets an index of 82.6%, so it is classified as very good. The amenities and accessibility components belong to the excellent category, with an index of 71.1% and 75.3%, respectively. Then the ancillary services component only got an index of 48.7%, so it was categorized as sufficient. Based on the visitor's perception of the SEETF area, it can be used as a manager for consideration and determining the priority scale in the development of the area that can trigger an increase in visitor satisfaction

Is cystatin C useful for the detection and the estimation of low glomerular filtration rate in heart transplant patients?

Although previously studied in patients with chronic kidney disease, there is less data for the use of cystatin C and cystatin C-based formulas in heart transplant recipients. The ability of creatinine and cystatin C to detect renal failure (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] below 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) in heart transplant patients has been compared. The accuracy and precision of a creatinine-based formula (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease [MDRD]) versus a cystatin C-based formula (Rule's formula) to estimate GFR have also been studied. GFR was measured using the (51)Crethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tracer in 27 patients. There was no significant difference between GFR and the reciprocal of creatinine or cystatin C. Receiver operating characteristic curves for cystatin C and creatinine were similar. Both formulas were well correlated with the GFR. The bias of the cystatin C-based was significantly better than one of the MDRD formula, but the standard deviation appeared better for the MDRD formula (bias of +3.9 mL/min/1.73 m(2) versus +12 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and SD of 8.5 versus 11.6, respectively). Plasma cystatin C has no clear advantage over serum creatinine to detect renal failure in heart transplanted patients

Phase II trial of neoadjuvant pemetrexed plus cisplatin followed by surgery and radiation in the treatment of pleural mesothelioma

BACKGROUND: Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive tumor that has a poor prognosis and is resistant to unimodal approaches. Multimodal treatment has provided encouraging results. METHODS: Phase II, open-label study of the combination of chemotherapy (pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2)+cisplatin 75 mg/m(2) IV every 21 days × 3 cycles), followed by surgery (en-bloc extrapleural pneumonectomy, 3–8 weeks after chemotherapy) and hemithoracic radiation (total radiation beam 54 Gy, received 4–8 weeks post-surgery). The primary endpoint was event-free survival, defined as the time from enrollment to time of first observation of disease progression, death due to any cause, or early treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: Fifty-four treatment-naïve patients with T1-3 N0-2 malignant pleural mesothelioma were enrolled, 52 (96.3%) completed chemotherapy, 45 (83.3%) underwent surgery, 22 (40.7%) completed the whole treatment including 90-day post-radiation follow-up. The median event-free survival was 6.9 months (95%CI: 5.0-10.5), median overall survival was 15.5 months (95%CI 11.0-NA) while median time-to-tumor response was 4.8 months (95%CI: 2.5-8.0). Eighteen (33.3%) and 13 (24.1%) patients were still event-free after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were nausea (63.0%), anemia (51.9%) and hypertension (42.6%). Following two cardiopulmonary radiation-related deaths the protocol was amended (21 [38.9%] patients were already enrolled in the study): the total radiation beam was reduced from 54 Gy to 50.4 Gy and a more accurate selection of patients was recommended. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pemetrexed plus cisplatin followed by surgery and hemithoracic radiation is feasible and has a manageable toxicity profile in carefully selected patients. It may be worthy of further investigation. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrial.com registrationID #NCT00087698

Upregulation of virulence genes promotes Vibrio cholerae biofilm hyperinfectivity

Vibrio cholerae remains a major global health threat, disproportionately impacting parts of the world without adequate infrastructure and sanitation resources. In aquatic environments, V. cholerae exists both as planktonic cells and as biofilms, which are held together by an extracellular matrix. V. cholerae biofilms have been shown to be hyperinfective, but the mechanism of hyperinfectivity is unclear. Here we show that biofilm-grown cells, irrespective of the surfaces on which they are formed, are able to markedly outcompete planktonic-grown cells in the infant mouse. Using an imaging technique designed to render intestinal tissue optically transparent and preserve the spatial integrity of infected intestines, we reveal and compare three-dimensional V. cholerae colonization patterns of planktonic-grown and biofilm-grown cells. Quantitative image analyses show that V. cholerae colonizes mainly the medial portion of the small intestine and that both the abundance and localization patterns of biofilm-grown cells differ from that of planktonic-grown cells. In vitro biofilm-grown cells activate expression of the virulence cascade, including the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), and are able to acquire the cholera toxin-carrying CTXФ phage. Overall, virulence factor gene expression is also higher in vivo when infected with biofilm-grown cells, and modulation of their regulation is sufficient to cause the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype. Together, these results indicate that the altered biogeography of biofilm-grown cells and their enhanced production of virulence factors in the intestine underpin the biofilm hyperinfectivity phenotype

The UbiI (VisC) aerobic ubiquinone synthase is required for expression of type 1 pili, biofilm formation, and pathogenesis in uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), which causes the majority of urinary tract infections (UTI), uses pilus-mediated adherence to initiate biofilm formation in the urinary tract. Oxygen gradients within E. coli biofilms regulate expression and localization of adhesive type 1 pili. A transposon mutant screen for strains defective in biofilm formation identified the ubiI (formerly visC) aerobic ubiquinone synthase gene as critical for UPEC biofilm formation. In this study, we characterized a nonpolar ubiI deletion mutant and compared its behavior to that of wild-type bacteria grown under aerobic and anoxic conditions. Consistent with its function as an aerobic ubiquinone-8 synthase, deletion of ubiI in UPEC resulted in reduced membrane potential, diminished motility, and reduced expression of chaperone-usher pathway pili. Loss of aerobic respiration was previously shown to negatively impact expression of type 1 pili. To determine whether this reduction in type 1 pili was due to an energy deficit, wild-type UPEC and the ubiI mutant were compared for energy-dependent phenotypes under anoxic conditions, in which quinone synthesis is undertaken by anaerobic quinone synthases. Under anoxic conditions, the two strains exhibited wild-type levels of motility but produced diminished numbers of type 1 pili, suggesting that the reduction of type 1 pilus expression in the absence of oxygen is not due to a cellular energy deficit. Acute- and chronic-infection studies in a mouse model of UTI revealed a significant virulence deficit in the ubiI mutant, indicating that UPEC encounters enough oxygen in the bladder to induce aerobic ubiquinone synthesis during infection. IMPORTANCE The majority of urinary tract infections are caused by uropathogenic E. coli, a bacterium that can respire in the presence and absence of oxygen. The bladder environment is hypoxic, with oxygen concentrations ranging from 4% to 7%, compared to 21% atmospheric oxygen. This work provides evidence that aerobic ubiquinone synthesis must be engaged during bladder infection, indicating that UPEC bacteria sense and use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor in the bladder and that this ability drives infection potential despite the fact that UPEC is a facultative anaerobe

A New Adenovirus Based Vaccine Vector Expressing an Eimeria tenella Derived TLR Agonist Improves Cellular Immune Responses to an Antigenic Target

Adenoviral based vectors remain promising vaccine platforms for use against numerous pathogens, including HIV. Recent vaccine trials utilizing Adenovirus based vaccines expressing HIV antigens confirmed induction of cellular immune responses, but these responses failed to prevent HIV infections in vaccinees. This illustrates the need to develop vaccine formulations capable of generating more potent T-cell responses to HIV antigens, such as HIV-Gag, since robust immune responses to this antigen correlate with improved outcomes in long-term non-progressor HIV infected individuals.. Moreover, we show that these improved responses were dependent upon improved TLR pathway interactions.The data presented in this study illustrate the potential utility of Ad-based vectors expressing TLR agonists to improve clinical outcomes dependent upon induction of robust, antigen specific immune responses