Gamma rays from the de-excitation of C-12 resonance 15.11 MeV and C-12 resonance 4.44 MeV as probes of energetic particle spectra

The flux of 15.11 MeV gamma rays relative to the flux 4.44 MeV gamma rays was calculated from measured cross sections for excitation of the corresponding states of C-12 and from experimental determinations of the branching ratios for direct de-excitation of these states to the ground state. Because of the difference in threshold energies for excitation of these two levels, the relative intensities in the two lines are particularly sensitive to the spectral distribution of energetic particles which excite the corresponding nuclear levels. For both solar and cosmic emission, the observability of the 15.11 MeV line is expected to be enhances by low source-background continuum in this energy range

Solar Gamma Rays Above 8 MeV

Processes which lead to the production of gamma rays with energy greater than 8 MeV in solar flares are reviewed and evaluated. Excited states produced by inelastic scattering, charge exchange, and spallation reactions in the abundant nuclear species are considered in order to identify nuclear lines which may contribute to the Gamma ray spectrum of solar flares. The flux of 15.11 MeV Gamma rays relative to the flux of 4.44 MeV Gamma rays from the de-excitation of the corresponding states in C12 is calculated for a number of assumed distributions of exciting particles. This flux ratio is a sensitive diagnostic of accelerated particle spectra. Other high energy nuclear levels are not so isolated as the 15.11 MeV state and are not expected to be so strong. The spectrum of Gamma rays from the decay of Pi dey is sensitive to the energy distribution of particles accelerated to energies greater than 100 MeV

The structure and content of the galaxy and galactic gamma rays. A review

The International Gamma Ray Symposium entitled 'The Structure and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays', held at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in June, 1976, is briefly reviewed. Highlights from presentations on galactic structure, discrete sources, and low energy gamma rays are described. New data and their interpretations are also summarized

Calibration of the NASA-GSFC high energy cosmic ray experiment

Calibration of high energy cosmic ray experimen

Solar gamma-ray lines as probes of accelerated particle directionalities in flares

Anisotropies of charged particles accelerated in solar flares were studied by observing Doppler shifts of selected gamma-ray lines. The spectral shape was calculated of the 6.1-MeV line of O-16. If the accelerated particles are isotropic, the line remains centered at e sub 0 = 6129.4 keV, and its width (FWHM) is about 100 keV. For particle anisotropies that may be produced in solar flares, the line is shifted to lower energies by about 30 to 40 keV

Relationships among the phases

The overall flare process involves phenomena characterized as the impulsive and gradual phases, following the X-ray signature first recognized by Kane (1969). In addition, evidence exists for a pre-flare phase in some flares, and recent Solar Maximum Mission data have shown that a post-flare phase, in which extensive and energetically important coronal activity occurs, may also exist. The data to describe the pre-flare and post-flare phases are insufficient to place them properly into an overall picture of the energetics, aside from noting that these phases may indeed be significant from the energetics point of view. What is presently known is reviewed and comments are made about the possible interactions among the flare structures involved

Utterly Confused Categories: Gender Non-Conformity in Late Medieval and Early Modern Western Europe

This thesis argues that gender non-conforming individuals in the late medieval and early modern periods were influenced by cultural examples of deviant gender behavior including cross-dressers, religious figures, women with male characteristics, literature, and popular entertainment. The thesis also argues that the fragmented approach historians have previously taken when examining the lives of gender non-conforming individuals has been inadequate and could be improved by envisioning the individuals not as individual anomalies or aberrations, but as participants in a long cultural tradition of gender non-conformity and transgression throughout western Europe

Positron annihilation in solar flares

The gamma ray line at 0.51 MeV originates from the annihilation of positrons. When a fraction of the positrons annihilate from bound states of positronium, the 0.51-MeV line is accompanied by a continuum of 3-gamma annihilation radiation at energies up to 0.51 MeV. Accurate calculations of the rates of free annihilation and positronium formation in a solar flare plasma are presented and positronium formation by charge exchange is discussed. The observability of the 3-gamma annihilation is increased by the inherent delay in the production and slowing down time of the positrons. It was concluded that such radiation could be detected at times late in solar gamma ray events when the continuum and prompt line emissions have essentially disappeared