Job Creation, Job Destruction and the Life Cycle

This paper originally incorporates life-cycle features into the job creation - job destruction framework. Once a finite horizon is introduced, this workhorse labor market model naturally delivers the empirically uncontroversial prediction that the employment rate of workers decreases with age due to lower hirings and higher firings of older workers. This age profile of hirings and firings is in addition found to be optimal in a competitive search equilibrium context. If search externalities are not internalized and unemployment benefits distort equilibrium, there is a room for labor market policy differentiated by age. This lastly allows us to debate the incidence of labor demand policies which have been introduced in many countries to favor the older worker employment. We show that hiring subsidies and firing costs should be decreasing with age when unemployment benefits are sufficiently high, as in the Europe. On the contrary, if unemployment benefits are low, as in the US, optimal hiring subsidies and firing taxes should be increasing with age. In this latter case, the introduction of anti-discrimination laws is a good proxy of this first best policy.Job creations and destructions, Life cycle, Older workers

Incentive Schemes to Delay Retirement and the Equilibrium Interplay with Human Capital Investment

This article introduces the role of labor demand of the elderly in the analysis of retirement decisions. We integrate both human capital formation and up-dating costs on older workers' job and explore how Social Security system affects human capital investment and retirement decisions. We show that, from the worker''s point of view, human capital investment and retirement age decisions are interdependent and positively related. On the one hand, an actuarially unfair pay-as-you-go system imposes a tax on postponed retirement which encourages early retirement, thus reducing incentives to invest in human capital. On the other hand, the pension system imposes a tax on training intensity. As a result, workers have less incentives to continue working. From the firm''s point of view, this implies an indirect tax on labor demand due to the decrease in older workers'' productivity. We then examine the pattern of the optimal policies according to flexibility versus rigidity of wages.

Returns to firm-provided training in France: Evidence on mobility and wages

Returns to training, matching estimators, labour market mobility, wages, France

Voluntary and involuntary retirement decision : does real wage rigidity affects the effectiveness of pension reforms ?

In this paper, we integrate the retirement deadline taking into account both labor demand and labor supply specificities. This approach reveals that firms' employment decisions play an active role in the early retirement decision. We show that, in a walrasian economy, social security reforms aimed at delaying the retirement age by introducing actuarially fair adjustments are particularly powerful to stimulate the employment of older workers. However, if real wages are rigid, two situations must be distinguished. First, if the wage is lower than its walrasian value, the separation date is determined by workers, fair adjustments would push back the retirement age. In contrast, when the wage exceeds its walrasian rate, the separation date is determined by firms. Trying to increase the rate of employment of older workers by introducing pension incentives seems to be an unattainable goal. Therefore, there is a good reason for focusing primarily on labor demand. In this case, it appears that paying a subsidy to firms is the best policy for attaining the optimal retirement age.Retirement age, Human capital investment, Real wage rigidity, Labor market reform

Evaluation of Biochar as a Feed Additive in Commercial Broiler Diets

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate sugarcane biochar as a feed ingredient in commercial broiler diets. Experiment 1 was conducted for 11 days using 300 male Ross 708 broilers. Broilers were allotted to one of five treatment diets containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2%, or 4% biochar. Experiment 2 was conducted for 19 days using 450 male Ross 708 broilers. Chicks were allotted to one of 9 treatment diets containing 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75% or 2% biochar. Broilers and feed were weighed at day 0 and 10 in experiment 1 and day 0, 10 and 18 in experiment 2 to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (Gain:Feed). The left tibia was collected from each broiler on day 10 (experiment 1) or day 18 (experiment 2) and used to determine bone breaking strength (BBS). Fecal samples were collected on day 10 (experiment 1) or day 10 and 18 (experiment 2) to determine dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content. For experiments 1 and 2 treatment had no effect (P \u3e0.05) on ADFI or BBS. Results from day 10 in experiment 1 and day 18 in experiment 2 did not show differences in fecal DM. Differences between treatments in fecal DM content were noted on day 10 of experiment 2. Experiment 1 determined broilers fed 4% biochar had lower (P\u3c0.01) Gain:Feed than broilers fed other diets. No differences were noted in Gain:Feed in experiment 2 for birds fed biochar up to 2%. In experiment 2 birds fed 0.25% or 0.75% biochar on day 10 and 0.25% - 1.25% biochar on day 18 had increased fecal P. Further testing is required to determine the exact effects of feeding biochar on broiler fecal P

Apresentação:desafios para 2021 na Educação

Presentation.Presentación.Apresentação

Behavior and neuropsychiatric manifestations in Angelman syndrome

Angelman syndrome has been suggested as a disease model of neurogenetic developmental condition with a specific behavioral phenotype. It is due to lack of expression of the UBE3A gene, an imprinted gene located on chromosome 15q. Here we review the main features of this phenotype, characterized by happy demeanor with prominent smiling, poorly specific laughing and general exuberance, associated with hypermotor behavior, stereotypies, and reduced behavioral adaptive skills despite proactive social contact. All these phenotypic characteristics are currently difficult to quantify and have been subject to some differences in interpretation. For example, prevalence of autistic disorder is still debated. Many of these features may occur in other syndromic or nonsyndromic forms of severe intellectual disability, but their combination, with particularly prominent laughter and smiling may be specific of Angelman syndrome. Management of problematic behaviors is primarily based on behavioral approaches, though psychoactive medication (eg, neuroleptics or antidepressants) may be required

The Lessons from Angelman Syndrome for Research and Management

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe