Legal and Policy Responses to Climate Change-induced Migration and Conflict: Insights from Nigeria

Nigeria has witnessed dramatic climate change impacts in recent years resulting in droughts and desertification in several northern states with fast receding grassland vegetation. This has induced migration especially by pastoral farmers from the semi-arid agro-ecological zones down south towards the Benue trough in search of lush green vegetation for their herds. The result is frequent strife and conflict between these nomadic groups and the sedentary farming communities in the rich Benue River Basin trough, resulting in loss of lives and properties. In recent years, the conflicts have assumed diverse political, religious and socio-cultural dimensions. Using an in-depth desk review of extant literature and policy documents, this paper appraises the policy and regulatory responses to these crises juxtaposing it with climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in Nigeria. We posit that the major causes of conflicts revolve around land ownership for settlement, grazing and farming; that the conflict has assumed ethno-religious colorations with great impact on the socio-economic wellbeing of the inhabitants and migrants. We realize that migration is a form of local level adaptation measure and conflict a directional reaction to these adaptation manifestations which need to be addressed holistically, and therefore propose  a comprehensive, all-engaging approach to dealing with this problem by recognizing the cause and effect of this migration and conflict which is climate change. This will inform policy and strategic interventions to address the underlying causes (climate change), and not just the manifestations (migration and conflict). Keywords: Temperature changes, pastoralism, Farmers, Herdsmen, Desertification DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/99-01 Publication date:July 31st 202

Effects of Classical Management Theories on the Current Management Practice in Nigeria

The study of the "Effects of Classical Management Theories on Current Management Practice in Nigeria" was carried out. This was to assess the extent of application of the Scientific Management, Administrative and Bureaucratic Theories in Nigerian Organizations and the effects of the application to the progress, development and growth of these Organizations. Descriptive research method, especially survey research was employed in carrying out the study. Three hypotheses were tested using chi square and linear regression.  The population of the study was 320 workers of the ANAMBRA MOTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANY LIMITED (ANAMMCO), EMENITE and NIGER GAS. A sample size of 177 was generated using the Taro yamene  formular for sample size determination, stratified sampling technique was used in the distribution of the questionnaire for data collection. Frequency tables using simple percentages were used for analyses of the data generated. The study revealed that the application of the Scientific management. Administrative and Bureaucratic Theories in management of various organizations contributed to waste, labour turnover, layoff of workers, slow pace of organizational growth and development and low productivity in the organizations. The study concluded that given the present performances of the Nigerian Organizations, more need to be done in the way the classical management theories were applied, such that workers will be more motivated to perform in a conducive work environment. It was recommended that, for organizations to achieve the objectives of effective and efficient productivity, they must understand, accommodate, embrace and promote people dynamics (nature, needs, values, motivations and general cultural political environmental differences). Organizations should also review periodically their rules, regulations and manuals to ensure current trends in the business environment. Finally, that organization should allow for initiative, innovations and workers participation in decision making. Keywords: classical management, management practice, Nigeri

Effect of Inventory Management on Organisational Effectiveness

The study of the “Effects of Inventory Management on Organizational Effectiveness in selected organizations in Enugu, was carried out, to asses the impact of proper inventory management on organizational performances in Emenite, Hardis & Dromedas and the Nigeria Bottling Company all in Enugu, Enugu State. Descriptive research method, especially survey and case study were employed in carrying out the study. The population of the study is six hundred and fifty eight (658). A sample size of two hundred and fouthy eight (248), was derived using the Taro Yamene formula for sample size determination from a finite population. Data were generated using questionnaire, oral interviews, observations, books, journals and the internet. Data were presented in tables and analyzed using simple percentages. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient and linear regression  was used in the hypotheses testing. From the analyses, it was discovered that irrespective of the fact that the organizations studied, painted the picture that they were applying the tenets of good inventory management, they from time to time run into the problems of inventory inadequacy. This consequently affected their production, leading to the scarcity of one brand of their products or the other, thereby affecting their profitability and consequential effectiveness negatively. The Findings indicate that there is significant relationship between good inventory management and organizational effectiveness. Inventory management has a significant effect on organizational productivity. There is highly positive correlation between good inventory management and organizational profitability. The study concluded that Inventory Management is very vital to the success and growth of organizations. The entire profitability of an organization is tied to the volume of products sold which has a direct relationship with the quality of the product Against this background the study recommended that Organizations should diversify their inventory system to suit specific needs of production, and that management should closely monitor and manipulate their inventory system to maintain production consistency for organizational profitability and effectiveness. Keywords:Inventory management,   Organisational  effectiveness, Firm

Utilization of whole sorghum crop residues for bioethanol production

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide and is a major source of agricultural residues in tropical regions. Bioconversion of whole sorghum crop residues comprising stalks, leaves, peduncles and panicles to ethanol has great potential for improving ethanol yield per sorghum crop cultivated, and for sustainable biofuel production. Effective pretreatment of sorghum lignocellulosic biomass is central to the efficiency of subsequent fermentation to ethanol. Previous studies have focused on bioconversion of sorghum stalks and/or leaves only to bioethanol, but the current study is the first report dealing with whole crop residues. We specifically focused on the impact of Nigerian sorghum cultivation location and cultivar type on the potential ethanol yield from whole sorghum crop residues. Efficient bioconversion of whole sorghum residues to ethanol provides a sustainable route for utilisation of crop residues thereby providing a non-food feedstock for industrial scale bioethanol production

Fermentation of stalk juices from different Nigerian sorghum cultivars to ethanol

For improved production of ethanol from sorghum stalk juice fermentation, cultivation location and cultivar type are important factors to consider. In the present study, SSV2 and KSV8 sorghum cultivars were cultivated in Kano and Kaduna states in Nigeria that exhibit notably different rain precipitation and diurnal temperatures. The crude stalk juices (without pre-treatment or nutrient supplementation) were extracted from these sorghum samples and fermented with a distiller’s strain of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sugar consumption and alcohol production were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. When it was grown in the Kaduna site, SSV2 was identified as the highest yielding sorghum cultivar from which we extracted the maximum levels of extractable sugars (161.50 g l-1 ) that yielded favourable ethanol levels of 80.56 g l-1 following fermentation. Our findings show that relatively colder and wetter cultivation sites are preferred for sorghum stalk juice destined for bioethanol production.<br/

Impact of Strategy Formulation and Implementation in Ailing Organisations

The study of the “Effects of strategy Formulation and Implementation in Business Organizations in Enugu State (a study of ANAMMCO, EMENE. ENUGU), was carried out to assess the extent of application and workability of formulated strategies in the organization. Descriptive research method, specially survey and case study were employed in carrying out the study. The organization had a population of 185 workers, comprising of Management, Senior and Junior staff. A sample size of 106 was derived using the Freund and Williams formular for sample size determination from a finite population. The simple random sampling technique was used to determine the elements of the sample space. Data were collected through questionnaire administration, oral interviews, personal observations, books, journals and other publications. Data were analyzed using simple percentages and mean   responses. Based on the analyses, it was discovered that the organization looses sales as a result of change in consumption pattern of their customers. Secondly, that a well conceived and formulated strategy matched with appropriate structure increases productivity in the organization and thirdly, that behavioural and systemic resistance to strategic changes render strategy formulation ineffective in the organization. Against this background therefore, the following recommendations were adduced:- (1) That the top management should reduce uncertainties by adopting product line diversification strategy and strategic technological changes to be in tune with current consumption pattern in the Automobile Industry in Nigeria. (2) That management should integrate management functions through the process of organizations design in terms of strategy implementation. (3) That management should reduce behavioural and systemic resistance to strategic changes through appropriate organization structure and that workers should be well informed on the reasons for the changes. Keywords:Strategy formulation, Business organisations, Enugu stat

Utilizing Teams for High Performance in Nigerian Universities: A Study of University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus.

Team work is a new work process geared towards uniting the skills of workers for common   purpose and common performance goal to yield high performance of workers  in the management of Nigerian Universities. The objectives are:  To investigate the effects of workers commitment towards team work on their performance in university management. To determine the relationship between team work and workers skill enhancement. The study had a population of 2940 staff covering Junior/senior staff of University of Nigeria Enugu Campus. A sample size of 355 was selected using Taro Yamane’s statistical sample technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument for data collection which was designed in 4 point Likert scale format supported with personal interview. A total of 352 copies of questionnaire were distributed but only 305 copies were brought back. .The data collected were presented and analyzed with descriptive statistics while the corresponding hypotheses were tested with Pearson’s product movement correlation coefficient at 0.05 alpha level. The findings indicate that: Team work has significant effect on workers performance in university management (X2c = 37.161 &gt; X2t = 7.81); It also shows that there is significant relationship between workers commitment towards teamwork and skill enhancement (r = 0.872; P &lt; 0.05). The study concludes that utilizing teams, produces high performance amongst workers in university management. The following recommendations were given by the study;  Periodic rotation of workers to remove the bias and increase commitment to common goal .The use .of committees and boards with people who possess different professional skills to execute activities of the university, this will create   forum  for professional interaction and skill enhancement. Keywords: Teamwork, High performance, University management

Marketing Implications of Call Drops for the Patronage of GSM Services in Nigeria

This study was conducted to unravel the marketing implications of call drops and the nature of customers’ patronage of GSM services in Imo   and Abia States Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted using the cross-sectional survey approach. Primary and Secondary data were extensively used while the questionnaire was used in eliciting information from 384 respondents drawn from the customers of the ‘Big Three’ GSM operators in Nigeria (MTN, GLO  and Airtel) who reside in Imo and Abia States. The sample size was determined using the percentage or proportional method. Collected data were analyzed using tables and percentages while hypotheses were tested using Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and Chi Square.  It was discovered from the study that incessant call drops impact negatively on the level of loyalty, satisfaction and customer patronage of GSM services. Also the quality of network services, billing rates, coverage, first-to float GSM services and call completion rate influenced subscribers’ choice of GSM networks and that customers feel very dissatisfied when calls drop repeatedly. The researchers recommended among others that the government through its communication bodies should set an eagle eye on the activities of the network providers, and also devise a means of monitoring the rates and service quality of the operators. Furthermore, base stations should be deployed to the rural and suburban areas to forestall the frequency of call drop. Keywords: Satisfaction, loyalty, service provider, GSM Brands, teledencit

Sweet sorghum:agronomic practice for food, animal feed and fuel production in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sweet sorghum is a cereal that belongs to the species Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench. Although the crop is reportedly native to Africa, it is grown worldwide largely because it thrives well under wide rainfall regimes, varied day lengths, soil conditions and can tolerate varying degrees of biotic and abiotic factors and stresses. This chapter reviews and discusses the physiology and adaptation of sweet sorghum crops to varied environmental and climatic conditions across Sub-Saharan Africa. Several research works have indicated that numerous improved cultivar types of sweet sorghum are grown across Africa. Virtually all sweet sorghum cultivars are primarily grown to produce grain, sugary stalk juice and forage or fodder. The grains are considered the 3rd most important source of staple food to people living in the Sub-Saharan Africa region. Furthermore, the grains may also be malted to produce beverages or utilized as adjunct in beer brewing. However, the sugary stalk juice is most commonly used for sorghum molasses or syrup production. Sorghum molasses or syrup is a suitable alternative to refined cane sugars for beverage consumption; particularly for diabetic patients. Thus, the nutritional value, health benefits and future prospects of sorghum grain consumption to address certain human health challenges are discussed in this chapter. Alternatively, the sugary stalk juice from sorghum may be bio-converted to bioethanol (a fuel alcohol). Sweet sorghum crop residues (i.e., leftovers and after the grains are harvested and stalk juice extracted) can serve as animal feed or utilized as lignocellulosic biomass for second generation bioethanol production. This chapter reviews and discusses literature that demonstrates sweet sorghum is a cereal crop with high tolerance to diverse environmental and climatic conditions. In addition, the crop produces nutritious grains and sugary stalk juice that are of important health and economic benefits for domestic and industrial applications throughout in Africa

Improved production of ethanol using bagasse from different sorghum cultivars

For improved production of ethanol from whole sorghum residues, physico-chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of the substrates are important factors to consider. In the present study, Nigerian sorghum cultivars SSV2, KSV8 and KSV3 were grown under rain-fed conditions without chemical fertilization in Kano state, Nigeria. On harvest, the whole sorghum residues (bagasse) comprising crushed stalks, leaves, panicles and peduncles were collected for further processing. Bagasse samples, which had different macromolecular composition and carbohydrate pasting properties, were pre-treated with dilute sulphuric acid at 75 °C followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and sequential detoxification by Ca(OH)2 over-liming and charcoal filtration. Hydrolysate samples were subsequently fermented with the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pachysolen tannophilus. Sugar consumption, carbon dioxide evolution and ethanol production were shown to vary depending on the sorghum cultivar type. While KSV3 yielded most favourable biomass of 37 t ha−1 (dry basis), bagasse from cultivar SSV2 yielded the most favourable level of sugars (69 g/100 g) after enzymatic hydrolysis, and also consistently exhibited improved fermentation performance. Detoxification of pre-treated sorghum bagasse to remove potential yeast inhibitors resulted in improvement in ethanol yield, with 23 g L−1 ethanol (representing 72% of theoretical yield) being achieved from SSV2 bagasse following fermentation with P. tannophilus without exogenous nutrient supplementation. Our findings reveal that the choice of sorghum cultivar is important when converting bagasse to ethanol, and further that pretreatment with dilute acid at moderate temperature followed by detoxification improves fermentation kinetics and ethanol yield