La distinción aristotélica entre enérgeia y kı́nesis comprendida de modo intensional

El siguiente artı́culo intenta defender la tesis de que la distinción aristotélica entre enérgeia y kı́nesis debe ser comprendida de modo intensional (en contraposición a una lectura extensional), tomando como punto de partida su célebre aparición en Met IX 6. Sobre la base de la identificación del problema acerca del cual trata dicho pasaje, se toma en consideración otras apariciones de la distinción en Met IX 8, en la EE, en la EN y en otros textos, en orden a documentar, en primer lugar, la vinculación de la distinción con la noción de érgon y, en segundo lugar, de qué modo dicha vinculación permite una lectura intensional de la distinción. Por último, se ofrece un argumento adicional para dicha lectura considerando la estructura teleológica de la acciones presentada por Aristóteles en EN I 1

Sonographische Graustufenanalyse des Uterus vom Schwein im Verlauf des Zyklus und der frühen Trächtigkeit

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, mithilfe der sonographischen Graustufenanalyse zu untersuchen, ob der Uterus beim Schwein zyklus- und trächtigkeitsspezifischen Veränderungen in seiner Echogenität unterliegt. Es sollte ferner eruiert werden, ob sich die Graustufenanalyse zur Trächtigkeitsdiagnose beim Schwein, vor allem in der sehr frühen Phase, eignet. In die Untersuchungen wurden insgesamt 106 Jung- (n = 85) und Altsauen (n = 21) einbezogen. Zur sonographischen Graustufenanalyse kam das Ultraschallgerät HS-2000 und ein Multifrequenz-Linearschallkopf zur Anwendung. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten transkutan in der rechten Kniefalte. Die Einstellungen am Gerät waren konstant. Zur Analyse wurden durchschnittlich 6,4 2.1 ( SD) Uterusquerschnitte je Untersuchung in einer definierten Zone dargestellt, in ihrer Graustufe beurteilt und als mittlerer Grauwert (Echogenität) je Tier und Untersuchung ausgewiesen. Zwei Sauen wurden an insgesamt 19 aufeinander folgenden Tagen untersucht und beobachtet, dass wiederholt aufgetragenes Kontaktgel keinen Einfluss auf das Ergebnis der Graustufenanalyse hatte. Bei insgesamt 15 Jungsauen der Rassen Piétrain (n = 7) und Deutsche Landrasse (n = 8) wurde der Sexualzyklus hormonell synchronisiert, 7 Sauen im darauf folgenden zweiten Östrus besamt, der Ovulationszeitpunkt sonographisch ermittelt und täglich Graustufenanalysen bis zum 16. Tag (besamte Sauen) bzw. 22. Tag (nicht besamte Sauen) post ovulationem (p.o.) durchgeführt. Alle Tiere wurden am Tag 21 post ovulationem sonographisch auf Trächtigkeit untersucht. Es konnte demonstriert werden, dass die uterine Echogenität bei frühtragenden und zyklierenden Sauen bis zum Tag 11 p.o. gleichermaßen anstieg. Während dieser Anstieg bei zyklierenden Sauen bis zum Tag 13 anhielt, sank die Echogenität tragender Tiere abrupt bis zum Tag 13 p.o. ab, um dann allmählich bis zum Tag 16 wieder das Niveau zyklierender Sauen zu erreichen. Zwischen der uterinen Echogenität und zeitgleich ermittelten Konzentrationen an Progesteron und Estradiol-17ß im Blutserum bestanden keine oder nur schwache Zusammenhänge. In einem zweiten Versuchsabschnitt wurden weitere 22 Jungsauen sowie 10 primipare und 6 pluripare Altsauen (davon 29 tragend und 9 zyklierend) zwischen den Tagen 7 bzw. 8 und 16 p.o. sonographisch untersucht und oben genannte Echogenitätsprofile verifiziert. Da sich tragende von nicht tragenden (zyklierenden) Sauen in ihrer uterinen Echogenität am Tag 12 p.o. unterschieden, wurden die Uteri weiterer 53 besamter Sauen an diesem Tag in ihrer Echogenität beurteilt und sonographische Trächtigkeitsuntersuchungen am Tag 21 p.o. durchgeführt. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser und aller vorangegangenen Untersuchungen wurde mithilfe der ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic)-Analyse ermittelt, dass ingravide und gravide Sauen zu 91,7 % und 82,7 % anhand der uterinen Echogenität am Tag 12 p.o. zu erkennen sind, wenn ein Grauwert von 9,55 als Schwellenwert definiert wurde. Daneben können kleinste echolose, intrauterine Flüssigkeitsansammlungen in die Diagnose einfließen, die bei einzelnen tragenden Sauen bereits am Tag 9 p.o. zu beobachten waren und am Tag 16 p.o. bei 90 % der tragenden Tiere auftraten. Aus den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen ist zu schlussfolgern, dass die uterine Echogenität von Sauen Veränderungen während des Sexualzyklus und der frühen Trächtigkeit unterliegt, sich zyklierende und tragende Tiere jedoch am Tag 12 p.o. in diesem Parameter signifikant unterscheiden und dieser Unterschied im Rahmen der sehr frühen Trächtigkeitsdiagnose möglicherweise genutzt werden kann. Die diesem Phänomen zugrunde liegenden reproduktionsphysiologischen Mechanismen bleiben abzuklären. Eine Assoziation mit der zeitgleich beginnenden Implantation der Embryonen wird vermutet

Prolonged seizures recruit caudal subventricular zone glial progenitors into the injured hippocampus

Neurogenesis persists in the adult rat rostral forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ) and is stimulated by status epilepticus (SE). More caudal SVZ (cSVZ) neural progenitors migrate to the hippocampus after ischemic injury and contribute to CA1 pyramidal cell regeneration. Because SE also damages the hippocampus, we examined the effects of SE on cSVZ precursors. SE was induced in adult rats with pilocarpine, and cell proliferation in cSVZ and hippocampus was examined by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and retroviral reporter labeling. Neural precursors were assayed by immunostaining for specfic markers between 1 and 35 days after SE. BrdU-positive cells labeled prior to SE markedly increased in numbers within 1–2 weeks in the cSVZ and infracallosal region, but not in the corpus callosum. Doublecortin-, polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule-, and TUC-4 (TOAD/Ulip/CRMP family-4)-immunostained cells with migrating morphology increased with a similar time course after SE and extended from the cSVZ to CA1 and CA3 regions. Retroviral reporters injected into the cSVZ of controls showed labeled cells with oligodendroglial morphology located in the cSVZ and corpus callosum; when injected 2 days prior to SE, many more reporter-labeled cells appeared several weeks later and were located in the cSVZ, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. Labeled cells showed glial morphologies and expressed astrocyte or oligodendrocyte markers. Neither BrdU- nor retroviral reporter-labeled cells coexpressed neuronal markers in controls or pilocarpine-treated rats. These results indicate that SE increases cSVZ gliogenesis and attracts newly generated glia to regions of hippocampal damage. Further study of seizure-induced gliogenesis may provide insight into mechanisms of adult neural progenitor regulation and epileptogenesis. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49285/1/20166_ftp.pd

Bowl Shaped Cavitands Dimerize and Complex Certain Organic Guests in Organic Solvents which Themselves are Poor Guests

The syntheses and binding properties of rigidly bowl-shaped polycyclic cavitands (1—4) are reported. Attached to the four aryl rim positions of the bowls are four benzenes substituted in their para positions with four CC^Me, Br, OH or NO2 groups, which deepen the bowls. Attached to the base of the bowls are four pentyl feet, which increase the solubilities of these hosts in organic solvents. Of the four hosts, only the one containing the CO2Me groups dimerized both in the crystalline state and in solution in ten deute- rated solvents which themselves are poor guests. In three other deuterated solvents, no dimerization was observed. A crystal structure of the dimer showed that one p-MeC^CCs^ group of each monomer occupied the cavity of its complexing partner in a reciprocating double host-guest arrangement. Such a structure is compatible with the ^H-NMR spectra of the dimer in solution. The dimer was also detected in its FAB-MS. The tetrabromocavitand at low concentrations in CD2CI2 complexed MeCC^C^Me, MeCC^Me, PhCC^Me and MeCOC^CC^Me. Tetranitrocavitand 4 also complexed MeC02CH2Me in CD2CI2 as solvent

The influence of age, gender and socio-economic status on multimorbidity patterns in primary care. first results from the multicare cohort study

Background: Multimorbidity is a phenomenon with high burden and high prevalence in the elderly. Our previous research has shown that multimorbidity can be divided into the multimorbidity patterns of 1) anxiety, depression, somatoform disorders (ADS) and pain, and 2) cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. However, it is not yet known, how these patterns are influenced by patient characteristics. The objective of this paper is to analyze the association of socio-demographic variables, and especially socio-economic status with multimorbidity in general and with each multimorbidity pattern. Methods: The MultiCare Cohort Study is a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of 3.189 multimorbid patients aged 65+ randomly selected from 158 GP practices. Data were collected in GP interviews and comprehensive patient interviews. Missing values have been imputed by hot deck imputation based on Gower distance in morbidity and other variables. The association of patient characteristics with the number of chronic conditions is analysed by multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analyses. Results: Multimorbidity in general is associated with age (+0.07 chronic conditions per year), gender (-0.27 conditions for female), education (-0.26 conditions for medium and -0.29 conditions for high level vs. low level) and income (-0.27 conditions per logarithmic unit). The pattern of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders shows comparable associations with a higher coefficient for gender (-1.29 conditions for female), while multimorbidity within the pattern of ADS and pain correlates with gender (+0.79 conditions for female), but not with age or socioeconomic status. Conclusions: Our study confirms that the morbidity load of multimorbid patients is associated with age, gender and the socioeconomic status of the patients, but there were no effects of living arrangements and marital status. We could also show that the influence of patient characteristics is dependent on the multimorbidity pattern concerned, i.e. there seem to be at least two types of elderly multimorbid patients. First, there are patients with mainly cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, who are more often male, have an older age and a lower socio-economic status. Second, there are patients mainly with ADS and pain-related morbidity, who are more often female and equally distributed across age and socio-economic groups

The German MultiCare-study: Patterns of multimorbidity in primary health care – protocol of a prospective cohort study

Background Multimorbidity is a highly frequent condition in older people, but well designed longitudinal studies on the impact of multimorbidity on patients and the health care system have been remarkably scarce in numbers until today. Little is known about the long term impact of multimorbidity on the patients' life expectancy, functional status and quality of life as well as health care utilization over time. As a consequence, there is little help for GPs in adjusting care for these patients, even though studies suggest that adhering to present clinical practice guidelines in the care of patients with multimorbidity may have adverse effects. Methods The study is designed as a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study of 3.050 patients aged 65 to 85 at baseline with at least three different diagnoses out of a list of 29 illnesses and syndromes. The patients will be recruited in approx. 120 to 150 GP surgeries in 8 study centres distributed across Germany. Information about the patients' morbidity will be collected mainly in GP interviews and from chart reviews. Functional status, resources/risk factors, health care utilization and additional morbidity data will be assessed in patient interviews, in which a multitude of well established standardized questionnaires and tests will be performed. Discussion The main aim of the cohort study is to monitor the course of the illness process and to analyse for which reasons medical conditions are stable, deteriorating or only temporarily present. First, clusters of combinations of diseases/disorders (multimorbidity patterns) with a comparable impact (e.g. on quality of life and/or functional status) will be identified. Then the development of these clusters over time will be analysed, especially with regard to prognostic variables and the somatic, psychological and social consequences as well as the utilization of health care resources. The results will allow the development of an instrument for prediction of the deterioration of the illness process and point at possibilities of prevention. The practical consequences of the study results for primary care will be analysed in expert focus groups in order to develop strategies for the inclusion of the aspects of multimorbidity in primary care guidelines

HCV Causes Chronic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Leading to Adaptation and Interference with the Unfolded Protein Response

BACKGROUND: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular site for protein folding. ER stress occurs when protein folding capacity is exceeded. This stress induces a cyto-protective signaling cascades termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) aimed at restoring homeostasis. While acute ER stress is lethal, chronic sub-lethal ER stress causes cells to adapt by attenuation of UPR activation. Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major human pathogen, was shown to cause ER stress, however it is unclear whether HCV induces chronic ER stress, and if so whether adaptation mechanisms are initiated. We wanted to characterize the kinetics of HCV-induced ER stress during infection and assess adaptation mechanisms and their significance. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The HuH7.5.1 cellular system and HCV-transgenic (HCV-Tg) mice were used to characterize HCV-induced ER stress/UPR pathway activation and adaptation. HCV induced a wave of acute ER stress peaking 2-5 days post-infection, which rapidly subsided thereafter. UPR pathways were activated including IRE1 and EIF2α phosphorylation, ATF6 cleavage and XBP-1 splicing. Downstream target genes including GADD34, ERdj4, p58ipk, ATF3 and ATF4 were upregulated. CHOP, a UPR regulated protein was activated and translocated to the nucleus. Remarkably, UPR activity did not return to baseline but remained elevated for up to 14 days post infection suggesting that chronic ER stress is induced. At this time, cells adapted to ER stress and were less responsive to further drug-induced ER stress. Similar results were obtained in HCV-Tg mice. Suppression of HCV by Interferon-α 2a treatment, restored UPR responsiveness to ER stress tolerant cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows, for the first time, that HCV induces adaptation to chronic ER stress which was reversed upon viral suppression. These finding represent a novel viral mechanism to manipulate cellular response pathways

The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in cortical motor learning

The molecular mechanisms that mediate learning have not yet been fully identified. The neurotrophic factor brain- derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exhibits properties that make it a candidate molecule for investigations of learning-related plasticity. BDNF and its high affinity receptor, TrkB, are widely expressed in the normal adult brain. The expression and secretion of BDNF are regulated by neuronal activity, and it has been shown to induce and facilitate synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. BDNF and TrkB are upregulated in association with many learning paradigms, and BDNF has been shown to be involved in and, in some cases, necessary for the formation of certain types of memory. The experiments described in this dissertation tested the hypothesis that BDNF exerts a role in normal cortical learning and map plasticity in the adult animal. The experimental paradigm used cortical motor learning, in which normal adult rats were trained in a skilled forelimb reaching task. To date, no study has examined the involvement of BDNF in the context of cortical motor learning, and cortical reorganization concomitant with this learning. The first set of experiments examined the expression of BDNF and its high- affinity receptor, TrkB, as a function of motor skill learning, to assess whether learning modulates the transcriptional regulation of these molecules. Using quantitative real-time PCR, BDNF was found to be gradually upregulated over the course of learning, in bothskilled and unskilled motor learners. TrkB expression was not modulated. The next set of experiments utilized two methods of attenuating BDNF signaling in the forepaw motor cortex: lentivirus encoding small interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed against BDNF mRNA, and lentivirus encoding a TrkB receptor body which binds BDNF, rendering it unavailable for normal signaling. Both constructs were first tested in vitro. siRNA directed against BDNF reduced BDNF protein levels in vitro by 81% compared to uninfected cells and 85% compared to control virus-infected cells, and the TrkB receptor body was found to significantly attenuate BDNF bioactivity in a cell survival/proliferation assay. In vivo, the siRNA construct reduced motor cortical BDNF protein levels by 22% compared to uninjected cortices and 34% compared to control virus-injected cortices, and the TrkB receptor body sequestered BDNF protein to an unknown extent. A putative BDNF blocking antibody was also tested in vitro, but it was not found to block BDNF bioactivity. When injected into the forepaw motor cortices of rats trained in the skilled reach task, neither the siRNA nor the TrkB receptor body had an effect on skill learning or on motor map organization. The combined results lead to the conclusion that, although BDNF expression is modulated by motor learning, reducing the availability of BDNF protein in the motor cortex by 22% using siRNA, or binding extracellular BDNF to an unknown extent using a TrkB receptor body, does not affect motor learning or motor map organization. Techniques that more extensively reduce BDNF signaling in the motor cortex would likely be required to reach definitive conclusions regarding a potential role of BDNF in modulating motor cortical learning and map plasticit

Die Zukunft unternehmerischer Landwirtschaft in Deutschland: Vortrag auf dem PIG-Vermehrertag 1994 am 29.4.1994 in Bad Bramstedt. Wie koennen wir die Veredelungswirtschaft im Landkreis Vechta konkurrenzfaehig erhalten?: Vortrag auf dem Wirtschaftskolloqium des Landkreises Vechta am 26.April 1994 in Steinfeld / Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst

Includes 2 articlesAvailable from Bibliothek des Instituts fuer Weltwirtschaft, ZBW, Duesternbrook Weg 120, D-24105 Kiel A 201216 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman