ICANN—Now and Then: ICANN’s Reform and Its Problems

This paper sheds some light upon the major problem arising from the current normative infrastructure of the DNS and provides a possible solution to the current physical problem of the DNS. The paper\u27s main focus is the single-entity control of the A Root. The paper uses as a starting point the Blueprint prepared by the Committee on ICANN Evolution and Reform and raises the question: Has this reform done anything to resolve the single-entity control of the A Root? The paper argues that the reform has done nothing to solve the problem because the international privatization of the DNS merely substitutes the administration of the DNS function without making changes to the normative infrastructure of the DNS. In light of the above, the paper argues that there is a need to declare independence from a one-entity controlled DNS. The suggested approach is to share authority over the root by acknowledging that countries that are accountable to their populations are the authorities for their own ccTLDs. Once technical and political independence has been achieved, the technical and, to some degree, political management of the DNS should be exercised through an international body. In order to initiate a discussion for a truly international body this paper offers nine principles that a new international ccTLD cooperation organization should observe when working on its own creation

Trochoidal motion and pair generation in skyrmion and antiskyrmion dynamics under spin-orbit torques

Skyrmions and antiskyrmions in magnetic ultrathin films are characterised by a topological charge describing how the spins wind around their core. This topology governs their response to forces in the rigid core limit. However, when internal core excitations are relevant, the dynamics become far richer. We show that current-induced spin-orbit torques can lead to phenomena such as trochoidal motion and skyrmion-antiskyrmion pair generation that only occurs for either the skyrmion or antiskyrmion, depending on the symmetry of the underlying Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Such dynamics are induced by core deformations, leading to a time-dependent helicity that governs the motion of the skyrmion and antiskyrmion core. We compute the dynamical phase diagram through a combination of atomistic spin simulations, reduced-variable modelling, and machine learning algorithms. It predicts how spin-orbit torques can control the type of motion and the possibility to generate skyrmion lattices by antiskyrmion seeding

Influence of magnetic viscosity on domain wall dynamics under spin-polarized currents

We present a theoretical study of the influence of magnetic viscosity on current-driven domain wall dynamics. In particular we examine how domain wall depinning transitions, driven by thermal activation, are influenced by the adiabatic and nonadiabatic spin-torques. We find the Arrhenius law that describes the transition rate for activation over a single energy barrier remains applicable under currents but with a current-dependent barrier height. We show that the effective energy barrier is dominated by a linear current dependence under usual experimental conditions, with a variation that depends only on the nonadiabatic spin torque coefficient beta.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Temperature dependence of nonlinear auto-oscillator linewidths: Application to spin-torque nano-oscillators

The temperature dependence of the generation linewidth for an auto-oscillator with a nonlinear frequency shift is calculated. It is shown that the frequency nonlinearity creates a finite correlation time, tau, for the phase fluctuations. In the low-temperature limit in which the spectral linewidth is smaller than 1/tau, the line shape is approximately Lorentzian and the linewidth is linear in temperature. In the opposite high-temperature limit in which the linewidth is larger than 1/tau, the nonlinearity leads to an apparent "inhomogeneous broadening" of the line, which becomes Gaussian in shape and has a square-root dependence on temperature. The results are illustrated for the spin-torque nano-oscillator.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

LitOral: A New Form of Defamation Consciousness

With the Internet, quickly becoming ubiquitous, the question arises: how does the Internet, and more specifi- cally computer-mediated-communication (CMC), affect people’s lives? This paper will explore CMC in the Western world as an instance of Walter J. Ong’s notion of secondary orality. It will seek to determine whether the proposed shift in communicative and social consciousness elimi- nates the need for the common law distinction between libel and slander in the online communication environ- ment. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first section, the elements of primary orality and the shift of consciousness from a primary oral culture to a literate culture will be canvassed. In addition, it will explore the notion of secondary orality. The second section introduces defamation law and discusses the reasons for the distinction between libel and slander. In the con- cluding section, it will be argued that CMC is an instance of Ong’s secondary orality. This shift of con- sciousness offsets the need for a distinction between libel and slander. Consequently, it will be argued that the current labeling of CMC defamation as libel is not reflec- tive of society’s perception of online defamatory commu- nication, but instead, the new consciousness requires a new, yet uniform, treatment of defamation actions in CMC settings