Being where the people are: the EU, open government & social media

With the expansion of Internet it has become easier to disseminate information to everyone everywhere.With information, allegedly, come opportunities to empower people. Quite often, companies and institutions such as schools or hospitals willingly provide information on Internet for everyone to see and thus provide transparency for the benefit of the public (and of course also for themselves). The same development has been occurring in politics, not in the least because Western democracies are facing a number of problems that threaten their legitimacy. Citizens feel uninformed about policies, voter turnouts have declined, and there is a widespread lack of trust in government. It seems that citizens feel incapable, disinterested or unwilling to hold their government accountable for their actions, despite this being a vital part of representative democracy. Of all contemporary Western institutions the EU is perhaps the one that faces the biggest legitimacy problems,because of its supranational nature, contested powers and complex decision making procedures.Since US President Obama launched the Open Government Initiative (OGI) in 2009, the idea gained momentum that information as well as participation and collaboration are key to empowering people and regaining accountability. This became a global project when the Open Government Partnership (OGP) was established in 2011, in which 65 countries committed themselves to implement ambitious reforms to boost openness. The EU has also made its efforts to realize a more open government. Via its website, the EU provides all sorts of information on for example recipients of EU funds, access to documents, decision-making and much more. But how can people be empowered when the information provided does not really reach them because they barely take the effort to visit government websites or watch parliamentary debates? This paper suggests that if the people are not where the government is, perhaps government should be where the people are: on social media.

Age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections related to the development of natural immunocompetence

The severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections appears to differ with age in both humans and bovines. A primary RSV infection in naïve infants and in young calves runs a more severe course when they are 1–6 months old than in their first month of life. The relative lack of clinical signs in the first month of age may be due to high levels of maternally derived neutralizing antibodies or low exposure to infectious virus. This study examined whether age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine RSV (bRSV) between neonatal and young calves may be due to differences in age-dependent immunocompetence. To study the effect of age and immune parameters on bRSV disease in neonatal and young calves, neonatal (1-day-old) calves without maternally derived antibodies were infected experimentally with bRSV and the severity of disease and immune responses were evaluated in comparison with disease in similar 6-week-old infected calves. Neonatal calves had more extensive virus replication and lung consolidation, but lower pro-inflammatory [in particular tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-{alpha})] responses, specific humoral immune responses, lung neutrophilic infiltration and clinical signs of disease than 6-week-old calves. The lack of correlation between virus replication and clinical signs suggests an important role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-{alpha}, in the disease. The capacity to produce pro-inflammatory TNF-{alpha} appeared to increase with age, and may explain the age-dependent differences in RSV pathogenesis

Chimeric Yellow Fever/Dengue Virus as a Candidate Dengue Vaccine: Quantitation of the Dengue Virus-Specific CD8 T-Cell Response

We have constructed a chimeric yellow fever/dengue (YF/DEN) virus, which expresses the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes from DEN type 2 (DEN-2) virus in a YF virus (YFV-17D) genetic background. Immunization of BALB/c mice with this chimeric virus induced a CD8 T-cell response specific for the DEN-2 virus prM and E proteins. This response protected YF/DEN virus-immunized mice against lethal dengue encephalitis. Control mice immunized with the parental YFV-17D were not protected against DEN-2 virus challenge, indicating that protection was mediated by the DEN-2 virus prM- and E-specific immune responses. YF/DEN vaccine-primed CD8 T cells expanded and were efficiently recruited into the central nervous systems of DEN-2 virus challenged mice. At 5 days after challenge, 3 to 4% of CD8 T cells in the spleen were specific for the prM and E proteins, and 34% of CD8 T cells in the central nervous system recognized these proteins. Depletion of either CD4 or CD8 T cells, or both, strongly reduced the protective efficacy of the YF/DEN virus, stressing the key role of the antiviral T-cell response

Development of bioinformatic tools and application of novel statistical methods in genome-wide analysis

Een genoom-brede associatie studie is een methode die genen betrokken bij complexe fenotypes identificeert door het hele genoom te scannen. Deze studies leggen over het algemeen de nadruk op kwantiteit in plaats van kwaliteit: eenvoudige statistische methodes worden toegepast op genetische data van een grote groep mensen. In dit proefschrift onderzochten wij methodes om de kwaliteit van deze methoden te verbeteren. Ten eerste ontwikkelden we software voor het uitvoeren van een automatische en volledige kwaliteitscontrole over de resultaten van zulke analyses. Ten tweede pasten we survival-analyse toe op zowel time-to-event fenotypes (in dit geval: de leeftijd waarop iemand cannabis gaat gebruiken) en biomarkers met een detectielimiet. Ten derde gebruikten we een nieuwe, volledigere referentie van het genoom waarmee we 10 nieuwe genen voor nierziekte hebben gevonden. Het tweede deel van dit proefschrift richtte zich op het ontleden van de erfelijkheid. Hiertoe onderzochten wij voor 32 complexe fenotypes (waaronder lengte, bloeddruk en cholesterol niveau) hoeveel erfelijkheid verklaard wordt door reeds bekende genetische varianten, en hoeveel er maximaal verklaard kan worden door alle veelvoorkomende genetische varianten. Dit onthulde, onder andere, dat zelfs up-to-date genetische voorspellingen van complexe fenotypes nog niet accuraat genoeg zijn voor gepersonaliseerde medische voorspellingen. Ook probeerden wij de erfelijkheid van neuroticisme te verhelderen door het op verschillende nieuwe manieren te analyseren. Concluderend: de in dit proefschrift beschreven en toegepaste methodes staan toe om kwalitatief betere genoom-brede analyses en erfelijkheidsanalyses uit te voeren

Methods and tools supporting urban resilience planning: experiences from Cork, Ireland

To prevent flood disasters, policymakers call for resilient cities which are better able to cope with flood hazards. However, actual adoption of resilience measures in urban planning is still limited, partly because it is not sufficiently clear how and to what extent resilience should and can be enhanced. To develop resilience strategies, information on the current resilience and on the effects of measures should be available. Since cities are complex systems, an assessment of resilience requires the input of different actors. To obtain and combine this input, a comprehensive approach which brings together many actors is required. Furthermore, resilience must be integrated in planning frameworks in order to enhance adoption by city policy makers. Tools which support and structure the contribution of different disciplines and actors will help to obtain information on the current resilience and to develop a shared vision on measures to enhance urban resilience. We illustrate our view with an example on Cork, Ireland

Genericity versus expressivity - an exercise in semantic interoperable research information systems for Web Science

The web does not only enable new forms of science, it also creates new possibilities to study science and new digital scholarship. This paper brings together multiple perspectives: from individual researchers seeking the best options to display their activities and market their skills on the academic job market; to academic institutions, national funding agencies, and countries needing to monitor the science system and account for public money spending. We also address the research interests aimed at better understanding the self-organising and complex nature of the science system through researcher tracing, the identification of the emergence of new fields, and knowledge discovery using large-data mining and non-linear dynamics. In particular this paper draws attention to the need for standardisation and data interoperability in the area of research information as an indispensable pre-condition for any science modelling. We discuss which levels of complexity are needed to provide a globally, interoperable, and expressive data infrastructure for research information. With possible dynamic science model applications in mind, we introduce the need for a "middle-range" level of complexity for data representation and propose a conceptual model for research data based on a core international ontology with national and local extensions.Comment: Long version of a paper submitted to the WebScience 201