Maternal depressive symptoms, and not anxiety symptoms, are associated with positive mother–child reporting discrepancies of internalizing problems in children: a report on the TRAILS Study

Maternal internalizing problems affect reporting of child’s problem behavior. This study addresses the relative effects of maternal depressive symptoms versus anxiety symptoms and the association with differential reporting of mother and child on child’s internalizing problems. The study sample comprised a cohort of 1,986 10- to 12-year-old children and their mothers from the Dutch general population in a cross sectional setup. Children’s internalizing problems were assessed with the DSM-IV anxiety and affective problem scales of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Youth Self-Report (YSR). Current maternal internalizing problems were assessed with the depressive and anxiety symptom scales of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), while the TRAILS Family History Interview (FHI) measured lifetime maternal depression and anxiety. Results show that current and lifetime maternal depressive symptoms were associated with positive mother–child reporting discrepancies (i.e. mothers reporting more problems than their child). Considering the small amount of variance explained, we conclude that maternal depressive symptoms do not bias maternal reporting on child’s internalizing problems to a serious degree. Studies concerning long term consequences of mother–child reporting discrepancies on child’s internalizing problems are few, but show a risk for adverse outcome. More prognostic research is needed

The Toxic Effects of Cigarette Additives. Philip Morris' Project Mix Reconsidered: An Analysis of Documents Released through Litigation

Stanton Glantz and colleagues analyzed previously secret tobacco industry documents and peer-reviewed published results of Philip Morris' Project MIX about research on cigarette additives, and show that this research on the use of cigarette additives cannot be taken at face value

Abwägung der Dauer von Quarantäne und Isolierung bei COVID-19

Abwägung der Dauer von Quarantäne und Isolierung bei COVID-19 Angesichts weltweit zunehmender Fallzahlen mit SARS-CoV-2 ist die konsequente Einhaltung von Maßnahmen zur Verlangsamung der Ausbreitung erforderlich. Grundlage bildet die AHA+L-Regel. Falls es zu SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen kommt, stehen individuelle Maßnahmen im Vordergrund: eine mindestens 10-tägige (Selbst-)Isolierung von Erkrankten und Personen, bei denen eine Virusausscheidung festgestellt worden ist, und die 14-tägige Quarantäne derjenigen, bei denen nach Kontakt zu einer ansteckenden Person die Wahrscheinlichkeit besteht, dass es zu einer Ansteckung gekommen ist. Im Epidemiologischen Bulletin 39/2020 wird der Unterschied von Quarantäne und Isolierung basierend auf den Grundlagen des Infektionsverlaufs näher erläutert. Erste Ergebnisse aus internen Rechenmodellen des Robert Koch-Instituts verdeutlichen, wie sich das Restrisiko einer Infektion Dritter in Abhängigkeit von der Quarantänedauer mit oder ohne abschließende Testung verhält

Late glial swelling after acute cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat: a combined magnetic resonance and histochemical study.

Secondary brain damage after transient cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is caused by a cascade of cellular events. In this study, complementary methods of magnetic resonance imaging and histochemistry were used to investigate the formation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema during secondary brain damage induced by transient HI in 7-d-old rats. To elicit injury, 21 rats underwent right common carotid artery ligation followed by 1.5 h of 8% O2 exposure. Sequential apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and transversal relaxation time (T2) weighted magnetic resonance imaging were recorded for up to 3 d in 13 7-d-old rats. Eight animals were killed at various intervals between the end of HI and 21 h of recovery to perform histochemical assays using neuronal and astrocytic markers. Changes of the ADC revealed a biphasic function for the evolution of cytotoxic edema during the recovery period. At the end of HI, the ADC in the ipsilateral cortex was significantly decreased. Upon reoxygenation, it returned transiently to normal followed by a secondary, although less pronounced, decline after 8-48 h. After this, the ADC rose steadily. From 8 h of recovery, the proportion of vasogenic edema steadily increased as indicated by the T2 prolongation. At 21 h, the majority of glial cells showed immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and were of larger size, whereas the neurons were apoptotic. These results indicate that the delayed cerebral injury is accompanied by late glial swelling in conjunction with an enlarged interstitial space due to cell damage