Health of the street child: the relation between life-style, immunity and HIV / AIDS - a synergy of research

A scrutiny and synergy of the research that was done on the health of street children revealed the relation between their poor living conditions and unhealthy life style and their depleted immune systems which, even in the best situations, wins a victory at a cost. This article probes the relation between the harsh circumstances in which millions of street children in the developed and developing world live and the devastating consequences thereof on their state of health, quality of life and life expectancy. (South African Journal of Education: 2003 22(3): 188-192

How cheap is primary health care? Cost per script at the Heidedal Community Health Centre and National District Hospital in Bloemfontein

Background: It is essential to manage and budget for primary health care in order to deliver a sustainable, accessible and quality health service to the majority of the population. The aim of the study was to establish the cost per script at the Heidedal Community Health Centre (HCHC) and at the National District Hospital (NDH) in Bloemfontein and to evaluate prescribing patterns, the protocols and use of the Essential Drug List (EDL) and Standard Treatment Guidelines (STGs) and to budget more accurately for medicine. Methods: During a two-month period, every fifth script dispensed at HCHC and NDH was included in the study and analysed until we had included 1 000 scripts from each facility. Results: The mean number of items per script at the CHC was 3.3 and at the DH was 4.1, and the mean cost was R14.66 versus R64.69 respectively. At HCHC, 62 025 prescriptions were dispensed and at NDH 56 312 were dispensed at an estimated total value of R4.5 million during 2002. Conclusion: Many problem areas and incorrect prescribing patterns were identified and need to be addressed. Although the cost per script at primary care level is not high, the number of patients that need treatment is enormous. Primary health care is actually very expensive and good quality control is necessary.South African Family Practice Vol. 47(7) 2005: 37-4

The infl uence of banks’ internal performance on market performance: a non-parametric approach

The purpose of the study is to determine the degree to which banks’market performance, as measured by market value ratios, is aff ectedby their internal performance. Annual fi nancial statement reportswere used to determine the internal and market performance oflisted banks on the JSE Limited over a ten-year period. The internalperformance measures used are the profi tability ratios in the DuPont analysis and two Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models toestimate effi ciency. Income statement data were included as theoutput of the fi rst model to determine banks’ operating effi ciency,and balance sheet data were included as the output of the secondmodel to determine banks’ fi nance and investment effi ciency. Thestudy concluded that market value ratios correlate better withprofi tability ratios than the income statement output-based andbalance sheet output-based effi ciencies. This study is the fi rst tocompare two DEA models and profi tability ratios with market valueratios. The value of the study is therefore that it indicates thatprofi tability ratios should be used as a proxy for market value ratiosrather than effi ciency measures that focus separately on incomestatement data and balance sheet data

DOES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PAY - THE CASE FOR PROTEACEAE

This paper reports on the socio-economic impact of the Proteaceae technology development and transfer programme. Farm level data were collected from the major role players in the industry, including cultivators, harvesters, agents and nurseries. The five major production regions were the Western Cape, South Western Cape, Southern Cape, Cape Peninsula and Eastern Cape, but other small regions in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) were also included in the study. Standard pretested mail questionnaires, supplemented with personal interviews, were used. This paper reports the socio-economic impacts over the period 1974- 2005. Results show that the rate of return for the financial and economic analyses ranged between seven and twelve percent, showing that the research programme is a profitable investment to society. The Proteaceae programme contributed to the conservation of biodiversity, had institutional impact in terms of training and technology transfer, while the social impact was indicated by employment generation through R&D activities.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

The prevalence of the diagnosis of increased intra-ocular pressure in a general practice

Glaucoma is one of the main causes of blindness.1 The disease occurs in 3% to 4% of all people over the age of 70 years.1 As many as 50% of patients suffering from this disease are unaware of their condition until a comparatively late stage, due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease.2 Of the objective signs of primary open angle glaucoma, the loss of visual field and pathological cupping would generally have reached an advanced stage before they could be recognised by a general practitioner, and aqueous flow can only be measured with the use of specialised equipment. However, increased intra-ocular pressure can easily be detected by tonometry performed by a general practitioner.3For full text, click here:SA Fam Pract 2006;48(3):16-1

Developing an outcomes-based charter to direct teaching and assessment of medical professionalism

Background. Components of professionalism in undergraduate medical studies at the University of  Pretoria (UP) were previously defined as nine ‘Golden Threads’. Although specific outcomes were  formulated for the threads, the need for more explicit professional standards became increasingly evident. The restructuring of the health system in South Africa contributed to the need for more explicit standards. The Charter for Medical Professionalism was developed during 2006 - 2008 as a reference document within the local context to serve as a standard for professionalism in the medical curriculum. Another aim was to guide academics in medical studies to act as good role models of professional behaviour.Objective. To document the development of the Charter for Medical Professionalism and to evaluate  lecturer and student perceptions on the formulation of the Charter to make appropriate changes and increase acceptance.Methods. The project took the form of action research, and a working group comprising academics from UP’s Faculty of Health Sciences developed the Charter from relevant source documents, employing thematic and content analysis and recursive abstraction. An online survey was conducted to assess lecturer and student acceptance of the Charter.Results. The outcomes-based approach was perceived as acceptable and appears to broaden the scope of assessment of professionalism.Conclusion. Inclusion of outcomes proposed by other work groups relating to research, practice   management, teaching, mentoring and leadership roles of the medical doctor may be considered in future

Compliance with hygiene practices among healthcare workers in the intensive care unit

Background. Intensive care unit (ICU)-related healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are two to three times higher in lower-income countries than in higher-income ones. Hand cleansing and other hygiene measures have been documented as one of the most effective measures in combating the transmission of HCAIs. There is a paucity of data pertaining to hygiene practices in the ICU in developing countries.Objectives. To determine compliance with hygiene practices among healthcare workers in a tertiary hospital ICU.Methods. Hygiene practices of healthcare workers in a tertiary academic hospital ICU in Johannesburg, South Africa, were discreetly observed over an 8-week period. Compliance with hand cleansing and other hygiene practices was documented and analysed. Retrospective consent was obtained, and subject confidentiality was maintained. Results. A total of 745 hygiene opportunities were observed. Of the 156 opportunities where handwashing with soap and water was indicated (20.9%), compliance was noted in 89 cases (57.1%), while an alcohol-based hand rub was inappropriately used in 34 cases (21.8%) and no hand hygiene was performed in the remaining 33 cases (21.1%). Of the 589 opportunities where an alcohol-based hand-rub was indicated, it was used in 312 cases (53.0%). Compliance with the donning of disposable surgical gloves, disposable plastic aprons and being ‘bare below the elbows’ was noted in 114 (90.6%), 108 (71.1%) and 355 (47.7%) opportunities, respectively, where these were indicated.Conclusions. Overall compliance with hygiene measures among healthcare workers in the ICU was suboptimal in this study, but in keeping with general international trends. Regular retraining of staff, frequent reminders, peer oversight and regular audits may improve compliance

Screening of the venoms of two Parabuthus scorpion species on isolated cardiomyocytes

Crude, diluted venoms of Parabuthus transvaalicus and P. granulatus were tested on isolated cardiomyocytes. Ventricular myocytes were subjected to hypercontractility tests and whole-cell voltage clamp. Both venoms had a profound influence on the hypercontractility of cardiomyocytes, which was markedly decreased when they were pre-absorbed with commercial antiserum. Whole-cell clamp results showed an increase in the sodium current, and a retardation of the time course of inactivation, implicating the presence of an a toxin in both venoms.The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 600dpi. Adobe Acrobat X Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.mn201