Modified Numerals and Split Disjunction: The First-Order Case

We present a number of puzzles arising for the interpretation of modified numerals. Following Büring and others we assume that the main difference between comparative and superlative modifiers is that only the latter convey disjunctive meanings. We further argue that the inference patterns triggered by disjunction and superlative modifiers are hard to capture in existing semantic and pragmatic analyses of these phenomena (neo-Gricean or grammatical alike), and we propose a novel account of these inferences in the framework of bilateral state-based modal logic defining a first order extension of Aloni (Semant Pragmat 15:5-EA, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.15.5)’s BSML.</p

14N and 15N coupling constants of the oxidized primary donor P-860 of bacterial photosynthesis obtained by electron spin echo envelope modulation spectroscopy

An electron spin echo modulation frequency analysis of P+-860 is performed in 14N chromatophores of Rhodospirillum rubrum, and in 15N substituted reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 2.4.1. For the 14N material two sets of nuclear quadrupole parameters are obtained. From the frequencies found for 15N reaction centers the perpendicular, parallel and isotropic hyperfine previous termcouplingnext term constants of three of the four bacteriochlorophyll nitrogen nuclei are inferred

A Probabilistic Tsunami Model For Chile

In disaster-prone regions such as Chile, catastrophe models help (re)insurers to understand and quantify the risks facing their businesses. The 2010 (M8.8) Maule (Chile) earthquake highlighted the need for quantifying losses not only from primary perils (in this case earthquake) but also from secondary perils such as tsunamis, which contribute to the overall event losses but are not often modelled. This paper presents a new catastrophe model for Chile developed by Impact Forecasting (IF) in collaboration with Aon Benfield Research partners. The model has the capability to model losses due to earthquake (ground-shaking) and induced tsunamis along the Chilean coast in a probabilistic manner, and also for historical scenarios. The model is implemented in the IF catastrophe modelling platform, ELEMENTS. Criteria for selecting tsunamigenic events are proposed which take into consideration earthquake location, depth and the resulting seabed vertical displacement and tsunami inundation depths at the coast. More than 3,600 events were selected for tsunami simulations. Deep and shallow water wave propagation is modelled using state-of-the-art modelling suite, Delft3D (from Deltares). The Delft3D-FLOW module is used in 2-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation settings with non-steady flow. Static seabed vertical displacement resulting from earthquake slip is used as an input boundary condition to the model. Use of the SRTM digital elevation model determines the spatial grid-cell resolution of approximately 90m. The modelled inundation extent for the 2010 event is validated through comparison with real observations. The vulnerability component consists of an extensive damage curves database, including curves for buildings, contents and business interruption for 21 occupancies, 24 structural types and 2 secondary modifiers such as building height and period of construction. The Chile earthquake and tsunami model is validated through comparison of the modelled and observed losses for client portfolios for the 2010 event

The Teignmouth Model: Validation and evaluation of Delft3D-MOR with COAST3D Pilot campaign data

Computer models are commonly used to simulate the behaviour of the coast in response to natural processes (e.g. storms, extreme sea levels) or management plans (e.g. beach nourishment, channel dredging). The COAST3D project was initiated to improve and validate these numerical models. COAST3D stands for Coastal Study of ThreeDimensional Sand Transport Processes and Morphodynamics. In March 1999, a COAST3D Pilot experiment was held in Teignmouth on the coast of Devon in Southwest England.Teignmouth has a very irregular coastline. It comprises a tidal inlet adjacent to the beach and a sandstone cliff, making it three-dimensional.This study involves the modelling of the Teignmouth site with data from the Pilot campaign. The general goal is to validate Delft3D-MOR against the field data taken in Teignmouth. For this purpose, a model grid covering the Teignmouth site is constructed. The hydrodynamic boundary conditions are determined by nesting the Teignmouth grid into a larger model, the Lyme Bay Model, which is in turn nested into the Continental Shelf Model. After the nesting procedure, the boundary conditions are calibrated with the use of water levels recorded during the Pilot campaign. The influence of the Teignmouth estuary is calibrated by varying the bed roughness inside the estuary. However, the tidal flow through the estuary mouth can not be modelled accurately, as the bathymetry data used in the Teignmouth model is outdated. The different COAST3D modelling teams agreed to carry out three common test cases: 1) A spring tidal cycle without waves. 2) A hypothetical situation with high waves and a fixed water level. 3) A neap tidal cycle with large waves. The focus of this study is also on these three test cases.The suspended and bedload transports and resulting bed-level changes are also computed for each test case. This is done with and without intratidal bed updating.Civil Engineering and Geoscience

Estimating errors in clinical MRS

In clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS), errors in the estimated in vivo metabolite concentration are usually obtained from the Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRBs). The reliability of this procedure under in vivo MRS conditions is discussed.ImPhysApplied Science

Magnetic resonance with La2 (Mg, Mn)3 (NO3) 12 . 24H2O

Applied Science

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging. Toward Non-Invasive In Vivo Assessment of Metabolic Content

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