Polisaharidi viših gljiva - bioloska uloga, struktura i antioksidativna aktivnost

The fungal polysaccharides attract a lot of attention due to their multiple challenging biological properties, such as: anti-tumor, anti-viral, anticomplementary, anticoagulant, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory and immune-stimulatory activities, which all together make them suitable for application in many quite distinctive areas, such as food industry, biomedicine, cosmetology, agriculture, environmental protection and waste water management. This article presents results with respect to biological properties, structure and procedures related to the isolation and activation of polysaccharides of higher fungi. It is considered and presented along with a review of the critical antioxidative activity and possible influence of the structural composition of polysaccharide extracts (isolated from these higher fungi) upon their antioxidative properties.Polisaharidi gljiva privlače veliku pažnju zbog svojih interesantnih bioloskih svojstava kao sto su: antitumorno, antivirusno, antikomplementarno, antikoagulaciono, hipolipidemijsko dejstvo, kao i imunomodulatorska i imunostimulativna aktivnost, sto ih sve čini pogodnim za primenu u mnogim oblastima, među kojima su i prehrambena industrija, kozmetika, biomedicina, poljoprivreda, zastita životne sredine i otpadnih voda. Oksidativna ostecenja prirodnih i industrijski pripremljenih namirnica predstavljaju veliki ekonomski problem na globalnom nivou, s obzirom da direktno utiču na promenu organoleptičkih osobina proizvoda, pri čemu dolazi i do stvaranja potencijalno toksičnih jedinjenja. Zbog toga se danas sve veća pažnja posvećuje istraživanjima novih prirodnih izvora antioksidanasa, među kojima su veoma značajni i polisaharidni ekstrakti različitih bazidiomiceta. U ovom radu su prikazana bioloska svojstva, struktura, kao i postupci izolovanja i aktivacije polisaharida visih gljiva. Dat je i pregled antioksidativne aktivnosti polisaharidnih ekstrakata visih gljiva i razmatran je uticaj strukturnih karakteristika ovih ekstrakata na antioksidativna svojstva

Medicinal Mushrooms

Since beginning of mankind nature is the most important source of medicines. Bioactive compounds produced by living organisms can be used directly as drugs or as lead compounds for drug development. Besides, the natural material can be used as crude drug for preparation of powder or extracts. Plants have traditionally been used as a source of most medical systems and as such herbal medicines constitute an important part of traditional and evidence-based medicine worldwide. In contrast though, the broad medicinal use of mushrooms was for a very long time restricted to Asian countries. Nowadays, the medicinal use of mushrooms, so called, medicinal mushrooms’, is increasing also in Western and other countries. This is underlined not only by growing sales of mushroom products but also by an increasing number of scientific papers and international conferences in this field. Medicinal mushrooms can be defined as macroscopic fungi, mostly higher Basidiomycetes, which are used in the form of extracts or powder for prevention, alleviation, or healing of diseases and/or for nutritional reasons. Presently medicinal mushrooms are mainly used as dietary supplements or functional food. Nevertheless they have the potential to become real drugs of traditional and/or evidence-based medicine. To explore this potential high quality products, preclinical and clinical trials according to the regulations, and legal authorization are necessary. The most important mushroom species are Ganoderma lucidum, Coriolus versicolor (L.:Fr.)Quél. (syn. Trametes versicolor [L.:Fr.]Pilát), Lentinula edodes (Berk.)Pegler, Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser et al., Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.)Sacc. (Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.)Sung & al.), Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.)Gray, Hericium erinaceus (Bull.:Fr.)Pers. and some others. Due to the extended traditional use of these mushrooms extensive knowledge about in vitro activities and mode of action and effects in animal assays is available. Some information about several chemical constituents responsible for the pharmacological effects is also available. Needless to say more research on the pharmacology and chemistry of these and others, so far less explored mushrooms, is urgently needed. What’s also missing, however, are investigations about structure-activity-relationships and possible toxicological risks of these mushrooms and their products, clinical trials and suitable quality critera for mushroom products and established methods for its control. We received 13 research papers in this field which indicates that mushroom research is still very limited. However, this special issue includes 6 high-quality peer-reviewed papers demonstrating essential new findings about different pharmacological effects of several medicinal mushrooms and their components in vitro, in animal assays and in humans. Chan et al. and Kawai et al. showed that Amauroderma rugosum and Pleurotus eryngii have promising antiinflammatory properties. A. rugosum is used by indigenous communities in Malaysia, P. eryngii is consumed as fresh cultivated mushroom worldwide. Clitocybe nuda, also known as Lepista nuda, is an edible mushroom in Europe. It is known for its antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. The study by Shi et al. validated the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Clitocybe nuda in diabetic mice and gives detailed insight into its mode of action. Beta-glucans (MBGS) constitute one of the most important groups of bioactive compounds in mushrooms. They have been reported as anticancer agents mainly by strengthening immune activities. The papers of Chen et al. and Wu et al. focus on investigations of beta-glucans from Ganoderma lucidum, the famous Reishi or Ling Zhi mushroom. The beta-glucans isolated from solid culture of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit, in combination with radiation, tumor metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma bearing mice (Chen at el.), whereas the oral administration of MBG, also obtained from mycelium of G. lucidum, modulates immune responses in an allergy murine model (Wu et al.). The study of Rossi et al. investigated the influence of a mixture of Ganoderma lucidum and Ophiocordyceps sinensis on the performance and stress resistance of cyclists by monitoring the testosterone/cortisol ratio in saliva, as well as oxidative stress. Although only a small number of participants were included in this study, the presented results confirm the potential clinical use of mushrooms in general and the protection of the athletes from overtraining syndrome in particular

An insight into antidiabetic properties of six medicinal and edible mushrooms: Inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase linked to type-2 diabetes

As a continuation of our search for biologically active mushroom species the present study investigates in vitro antidiabetic properties of six edible and medicinal mushroom species: Agaricus blazei Murrill, Coprinus comatus (O.F.Müll.) Pers., Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr., Inonotus obliquus (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát, Morchella conica Pers. and Phellinus linteus Berk. & M.A. Curtis. In vitro assays on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition were performed with methanolic extracts of the selected mushrooms. Furthermore, we calculated the necessary daily intake of mushroom extracts and dry mushroom powders based on the equivalent doses of therapeutic drug acarbose given to diabetic patients per day. Our comparative study on enzyme inhibition showed that the most promising potential is ascribed to I. obliquus extract, while no inhibition of α-amylase was recorded with M. conica and C. militaris methanolic extract at the tested concentration. This comparative study is the first highlighting in vitro antidiabetic potential by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with methanolic extracts; which makes the investigated speciesmore promising for the diabetes type-2 treatment by an additional and different mechanism of action.The authors thank Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development for the financial support (grant number 173032).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A study on the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris (L.) link: chemical characterization, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiproliferative properties

The Cordyceps genus is well known for its medicinal properties. A number of bioactive constituents from Cordyceps species have been reported such as antibacterial, antifungal, immunopotentiating or antitumor agents [1]. The anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties of Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link have been reported as also the antioxidant activity of its cultured mycelium [2]. In this work, the chemical characterization of C. militaris was performed, includingbioactive compounds (free sugars, unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acidsand phenolic compounds). The antioxidant potential of its methanolic extract was evaluated (reducing power, scavenging activity and lipid peroxidationinhibition) as also the antimicrobial activity (tested towards Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and eight microfungi) and antiproliferative properties (tested in different human tumor cell lines). Mannitol and trehalose were the main free sugars found in this species (2.01 and 24.71 g/100 g dw, respectively). The fatty acid quantified in higher amounts was linoleic acid (68.00% of total fatty acids). a-Tocopherol was the only isoform of vitam in E detected (55.86 j.lg/1 00 g dw). The organic acids found in this mushroom were oxalic (0.33 g/1 00 g dw), citric (7.97 g/1 00 g dw) and fumaric (0 .1 3 g/100 g dw) acids. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the only phenolic acid quantified in C. militaris (0.02 mg/1 00 g dw), but cinnamic acid was also found (0. 11 mg/1 00 g dw). The lowest EC50 values for the antioxidant potential were presented in lipid peroxidation inhibition assays, namely in 13-carotene/l inoleate and TBARS assays (1.05 mg/ml and 0. 77 mg/ml, respectively). The methanolic extract also revealed strong antibacterial and antifungal activities, and it was able to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 (breast}, NCI-H460 (non-smalllung),HCT-15 (colon) and Hela (cervical) human carcinoma cell lines.FCT (Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU: projects PTOC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009 and PEstOE/AGR/UI0690/2011, and to Serbian Ministry of Education and Science for financial support (grant number 173032)

Nutraceutical properties of the methanolic extract of edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries): primary mechanisms

The methanolic extract of the wild edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius Fr. (chanterelle) was analyzed for in vitro antioxidative, cytotoxic, antihypertensive and antibacterial activities. Various primary and secondary metabolites were found. Phenols were the major antioxidant components found in the extract (49.8 mg g(-1)), followed by flavonoids, whose content was approximately 86% of the total phenol content. Antioxidant activity, measured by four different methods, was high for inhibition of lipid peroxidation (EC50 = 1.21 mg mL(-1)) and chelating ability (EC50 = 0.64 mg mL(-1)). The antioxidant activity of the C. cibarius methanol extract was achieved through chelating iron compared to hydrogen atom and/or electron transfer. The extract showed good selectivity in cytotoxicity on human cervix adenocarcinoma HeLa, breast carcinoma MDA-MB-453 and human myelogenous leukemia K562, compared to normal control human fetal lung fibroblasts MRC-5 and human lung bronchial epithelial cells BEAS-2B. The extract had inhibitory activity against angiotensin converting I enzyme (ACE) (IC50 = 0.063 mg mL(-1)). The extract revealed selective antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria with the highest potential against E. faecalis. The medicinal and health benefits, observed in wild C. cibarius mushroom, seem an additional reason for its traditional use as a popular delicacy food

Nutrients and non-nutrients composition and bioactivity of wild and cultivated Coprinus comatus (O.F.Müll.) Pers.

Mushrooms have been reported as sources of biomolecules with various potential. Coprinus comatus was studied to obtain information about this species, comparing cultivated and wild samples. Free sugars, fatty acids, tocopherols, organic acids and phenolic acids were analysed by chromatographic techniques coupled to different detectors. C. comatus methanolic extractwas tested for its antioxidant potential (reducing power, radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition) and antimicrobial properties (tested towards Gram positive and negative bacteria, and microfungi). The toxicity for liver cells was tested in porcine liver primary cells. Both studied samples revealed similar nutritional value and energy contribution. The cultivated sample revealed the highest content in free sugars, monounsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols, while the wild mushroom was richer in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, organic acids and phenolic compounds. The cultivated species also revealed the highest antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity (with exception towards Gram negative bacteria and Aspergillus ochraceus). Both species revealed no toxicity towards porcine liver cells. The present study proved that cultivated and wild mushrooms from the same species could be excellent options as food and as sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds. Furthermore, differences in wild and cultivated samples were comparatively investigated for the first time.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU for financial support to this work (research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009 and BPD/4609/2008 to L. Barros) and to CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011). The authors also thank Serbian Ministry of Education and Science for financial support (grant number 173032)

The methanolic extract of Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link fruiting body shows antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti human tumor cell lines properties

Being Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom, this work intends to reveal new interesting bioactive molecules that could be isolated from this species. Hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds were analysed by chromatographic techniques coupled to different detectors. The methanolic extract of C. militaris was tested for its antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-proliferative properties in different human tumor cell lines. Mannitol (2.01 g/100 g dw) and trehalose (24.71 g/100 g) were the free sugars found in C. militaris. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (68.87%) predominated over saturated fatty acids (23.40%) and δ-tocopherol was the only isoform of vitamin E detected (55.86 μg/100 g). The organic acids found in this mushroom were oxalic, citric and fumaric acids (0.33, 7.97 and 0.13 g/100g, respectively). p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was the only phenolic acid quantified in this species (0.02 mg/100 g); although cinnamic acid was also found (0.11 mg/100 g). The methanolic extract of C. militaris proved to inhibit lipid peroxidation, have reducing power and scavenge free radicals. This extract also revealed strong antibacterial and antifungal properties. Finally, the C. militaris extract was able to inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 (breast), NCI-H460 (non-small lung), HCT-15 (colon) and HeLa (cervical) human carcinoma cell lines.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU for financial support to this work (research project PTDC/AGRALI/ 110062/2009 and SFRH/BPD/BPD/68344/2010 to R. Calhelha), to CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) and to L. Barros researcher contract under “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”). The authors also thank to Serbian Ministry of Education and Science for financial support (grant number 173032)

Antifungal activity of essential oil Hyssopus officinalis L. against micopathogen Mycogone perniciosa (Mang)

The most commonly cultivated mushroom species is the Agaricus bisporus Lange (Imb). One of the major pathogenic diseases of the cultivated mushroom in Serbia is Mycogone perniciosa (Mang). Biological control systems are not much used in mushroom cultivation. Medical and aromatic plants have been placed in the focus of intense studies. Pure culture of the M. perniciosa was isolated from infected A. bisporus. The essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis L. is used as a potential antifungal agent. The most abundant components in oil are isopinocamphone (43.29%), pinocamphone (16.79%) and b-pinene (16.31%). Antifungal activity of Hyssop was investigated by the modified microatmosphere method. The minimal inhibitory quantity was 5 μL/mL and a minimal fungicidal quantity was 15-20 μL/mL. There is no report on the use of Hyssop essential oil in mushroom disease.Agaricus bisporus Lange (Imb) je najčešće komercijalno gajena jestiva gljiva Različiti mikroorganizmi gljive, bakterije i virusi su izazivači bolesti u gajilištima šampinjona. Mycogone perniciosa (Mang) je izazivač bolesti poznate pod nazivom vlažni mehur i najčešći uzročnik gubitaka u gajilištima u Srbiji. Biološka kontrola, koja je uspešno primenjivana na nekim poljoprivrednim kulturama, nije korišćena prilikom uzgoja gljiva. Jedna od mogućnosti je primena biljnih sprejova. Lekovite i aromatične vrste biljaka se intenzivno istražuju kao mogući antifungalni agensi. Uzorci obolelih šampinjona su sakupljani u gajilištima u Srbiji. Kulture M. perniciosa su izolovane sa obolelih plodonosnih tela A. bisporus. Korišćeno je etarsko ulje Hyssopus officinalis. Najzastupljenije komponente ulja su izopinokamfon (43.29%) trans-pinokamfon (16.79%) i b-pinen (16.31%). Antifungalna aktivnost etarskog ulja izopa ispitivana je modifikovanom "mikroatmosfera"- metodom. Minimalna inhibitorna količina je bila 5 μL/mL, a minimalna fungicidna količina 15-20 μL/mL. Velik broj preparata je napravljen i primenjen za kontrolisanje oboljenja pečuraka: fungicidi, primena mikrotalasa ili dejstvo nekih antagonističkih bakterija. Dosad nije bilo saopštenja o primeni etarskog ulja izopa protiv izazivača bolesti gajenih gljiva.nul

Cultivated strains of Agaricus bisporus and A. brasiliensis: chemical characterization and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties for final healthy product - natural preservatives in yoghurt

Agaricus bisporus (J. E. Lange) Emil J. Imbach and Agaricus brasiliensis Wasser, M. Didukh, Amazonas & Stamets are edible mushrooms. We chemically characterized these mushrooms for nutritional value, hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic and ethanolic extracts were assessed. Hepatotoxicity was also evaluated. The ethanolic extract of both species was tested for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes growth in yoghurt. Both species proved to be a good source of bioactive compounds. A. brasiliensis was richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids and revealed the highest concentration of phenolic acids, and tocopherols. A. bisporus showed the highest monounsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol contents. A. brasiliensis revealed the highest antioxidant potential, and its ethanolic extract displayed the highest antibacterial potential; the methanolic extract of A. bisporus revealed the highest antifungal activity. A. brasiliensis possessed better preserving properties in yoghurt

A detailed comparative study between chemical and bioactive properties of Ganoderma lucidum from different origins

A detailed comparative study on chemical and bioactive properties of wild and cultivated Ganoderma lucidum from Serbia (GS) and China (GCN) was performed. This species was chosen because of their worldwide use as medicinal mushroom. Higher amounts of sugars were found in GS, while higher amounts of organic acids were recorded in GCN. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated over saturated fatty acids. GCN revealed higher antioxidant activity, while GS exhibited inhibitory potential against human breast and cervical carcinoma cell lines. No cytotoxicity in non-tumour liver primary cell culture was observed for the different samples. Both samples possessed antibacterial and antifungal activities, in some cases even better than the standard antimicrobial drugs. This is the first study reporting a comparative of chemical compounds and bioactivity of G. lucidum samples from different origins