Методичні підходи до оцінки ефективності функціонування ринку праці в аграрному секторі економіки

Ціль статті - визначити методичні підходи до оцінки ефективності функціонування ринку праці в аграрному секторі економіки на сучасному етапі

The Association between Prenatal Psychosocial Stress and Blood Pressure in the Child at Age 5-7 Years

OBJECTIVE: Prenatal maternal stress could have permanent effects on the offspring's tissue structure and function, which may predispose to cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether maternal psychosocial stress is a prenatal factor affecting the blood pressure (BP) of offspring. STUDY DESIGN: In the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, around gestational week 16, depressive symptoms, state-anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety, parenting daily hassles and job strain were recorded by questionnaire. A cumulative stress score was also calculated (based on 80(th) percentiles). Systolic and diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured in the offspring at age 5-7 years. Inclusion criteria were: no use of antihypertensive medication during pregnancy; singleton birth; no reported cardiovascular problems in the child (N = 2968 included). RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, the single stress scales were not associated with systolic and diastolic BP, MAP and hypertension (p>0.05). The presence of 3-4 psychosocial stressors prenatally (4%) was associated with 1.5 mmHg higher systolic and diastolic BP (p = 0.046; p = 0.04) and 1.5 mmHg higher MAP in the offspring (p = 0.02) compared to no stressors (46%). The presence of 3-4 stressors did not significantly increase the risk for hypertension (OR 1.8; 95% CI 0.93.4). Associations did not differ between sexes. Bonferroni correction for multiple testing rendered all associations non-significant. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple psychosocial stressors during pregnancy was associated with higher systolic and diastolic BP and MAP in the child at age 5-7. Further investigation of maternal prenatal stress may be valuable for later life cardiovascular health

Congenital anomalies in Amsterdam:results of the 'Amsterdam-Born Children and their Development' study

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of congenital anomalies in children born in Amsterdam and to analyse potential differences between groups based on risk factors such as ethnicity and maternal age.DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.METHODS: Between 2003 and 2004, mothers filled in questionnaires on their newborn children on behalf of the Amsterdam-Born Children and their Development study (ABCD study). Data from 5,276 liveborn children in this cohort were used to calculate the prevalence rates of congenital anomalies in Amsterdam. These were compared with expected prevalence rates based on Eurocat data for the Northern region of the Netherlands during the years 2000-2005. Prevalence rates were compared between subgroups which had been divided according to risk factors: maternal ethnic origin, maternal age, parity, gender of child, inter-pregnancy interval, years of maternal education, smoking, alcohol use, and periconceptional folate use.RESULTS: The total prevalence of major congenital anomalies among liveborn children in the ABCD cohort was as expected based on the figures from the Eurocat registration. Digestive anomalies were reported significantly less frequently (n = 1) than expected (n = 10). Mothers of Surinam descent more frequently reported a child with a musculoskeletal anomaly. Older mothers were more likely to report congenital anomalies. No significant trends regarding other risk factors were observed.CONCLUSIONS: No significant trends regarding ethnicity and congenital anomalies were detected. The interpretation of the other results was hampered by methodological differences between the ABCD study and Eurocat. Nationwide registration with active case detection of congenital anomalies is therefore recommended.</p

Ethnic Differences in Cardiometabolic Risk Profile at Age 5-6 Years: The ABCD Study

Background: To examine ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk profile in early age, and explore whether such differences can be explained by differences in body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC). Method: Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and (in a subsample) fasting blood were collected during a health check of 2,509 children aged 5-6 years. Four ethnic groups were distinguished: Dutch (n = 2,008; blood n = 1,300), African descent (n = 199; blood n = 105), Turkish (n = 108; blood n = 57) and Moroccan (n = 194; blood n = 94). Ethnic differences in diastolic and systolic blood pressure (DBP/SBP), fasting glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels were determined and the explanatory role of BMI and WC was examined with regression analysis. Results: After adjustment for confounders, African descent children showed higher DBP (beta 2.22 mmHg; 95% CI: 1.09-3.36) and HDL levels (beta:0.09 mmol/l; 95% CI: 0.03-0.16) compared to Dutch children (reference group). Turkish children showed higher SBP (beta:1.89 mmHg; 95% CI: 0.25-3.54), DBP (beta:2.62 mmHg; 95% CI: 1.11-4.13), glucose (beta:0.12 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.00-0.25) and triglyceride levels (beta:0.13 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02-0.25). Higher BMI values were found in all non-Dutch groups (differences ranged from 0.53-1.03 kg/m(2)) and higher WC in Turkish (beta:1.68 cm; 95% CI: 0.99-2.38) and Moroccan (beta:1.65 cm; 95% CI:1.11-2.19) children. BMI and WC partly explained the higher SBP/DBP and triglyceride levels in Turkish children. Conclusion: Ethnic differences in cardiometabolic profile exist early in life and are partly explained by differences in BMI and WC. African children showed favourable HDL levels and Turkish children the most unfavourable overall profile, whereas their Moroccan peers have less increased cardiometabolic risk in spite of their high BMI and W