53 research outputs found
Analysis of trends in adolescent suicides and accidental deaths in England and Wales, 1972ā2011
Background Previous analyses of adolescent suicides in England and Wales have focused on short time periods. Aims To investigate trends in suicide and accidental deaths in adolescents between 1972 and 2011. Method Time trend analysis of rates of suicides and deaths from accidental poisoning and hanging in 10- to 19-year-olds by age, gender and deprivation. Rate ratios were estimated for 1982ā1991, 1992ā2001 and 2002ā2011 with 1972ā1981 as comparator. Results Suicide rates have remained stable in 10- to 14-year-olds, with strong evidence for a reduction in accidental deaths. In males aged 15ā19, suicide rates peaked in 2001 before declining. Suicide by hanging is the most common method of suicide. Rates were higher in males and in 15- to 19-year-olds living in more deprived areas. Conclusions Suicide rates in adolescents are at their lowest since the early 1970s with no clear evidence that changes in coroners' practices underlie this trend
Behaviour change techniques used in digital behaviour change interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption: a meta-regression
Background:
Digital behavior change interventions (DBCIs) appear to reduce alcohol consumption, but greater understanding is needed of their mechanisms of action. //
Purpose:
To describe the behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in DBCIs and examine whether individual BCTs, the inclusion of more BCTs or more Control Theory congruent BCTs is associated with increased effectiveness. //
Methods:
Forty-one randomized control trials were extracted from a Cochrane review of alcohol reduction DBCIs and coded for up to 93 BCTs using an established and reliable method. Random effects unadjusted and adjusted meta-regression models were performed to assess associations between BCTs and intervention effectiveness. //
Results:
Interventions used a mean of 9.1 BCTs (range 1ā22), 23 different BCTs were used in four or more trials. Trials that used āBehavior substitutionā (ā95.112 grams per week [gpw], 95% CI: ā162.90, ā27.34), āProblem solvingā (ā45.92 gpw, 95% CI: ā90.97, ā0.87) and āCredible sourceā (ā32.09 gpw, 95% CI: ā60.64, ā3.55) were significantly associated with greater alcohol reduction than trials without these BCTs. The āBehavior substitutionā result should be treated as preliminary because it was reported in only four trials, three of which were conducted by the same research group. āFeedbackā was used in 98% of trials (n = 41); other Control Theory congruent BCTs were used less frequently: for example, āGoal settingā 43% (n = 18) and āSelf-monitoringā 29%, (n = 12). //
Conclusions:
āBehavior substitution,ā āProblem solving,ā and āCredible sourceā were associated with greater alcohol reduction. Many BCTs were used infrequently in DBCIs, including BCTs with evidence of effectiveness in other domains, such as āSelf-monitoringā and āGoal setting.
Engineering opposite electronic polarization of singlet and triplet states increases the yield of high-energy photoproducts
Sound transmission characteristics of Tee-junctions and the associated length corrections
The influence of air flow regimes on the concentration of a traffic related pollutant in the vicinity of a complex urban junction
Facile one-pot synthesis of functionalized organophosphonate esters via ketone insertion into bulky arylphosphites
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