Diffusion lms strategy over wireless sensor network

The mess with distributed detection, where nodes arranged in certain topology are obliged to decideamong two speculations focused around accessible estimations.We look for completely appropriated and versatile usage, where all nodes make singular constant-choices by putting crosswise over with their quick neighbours just, and no combination focus is vital. The proffered distributed detection algorithms are based on a concept of extension of strategies that are employed for diffusion mechanism in a distributed network topology. After a large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining some particular object or putting a particular idea into effect detection using diffusion LMS are fascinating in the context of sensor networksbecause of their versatility, enhanced strength to node and connection disappointment as contrasted with unified frameworks and their capability to convey vitality and correspondence assets. The proposed algorithms are inherently adaptive and can track changes in the element speculation.We examine the operation of the suggested algorithms in terms of their chances of detection and false alarm, and provide simulation results comparing with other cooperation schemes, including centralized processing and the case where there is no cooperation. In the context of digital signal processing and communication, the role of adaptive filters is very vital. In day to daywork where practical requirement is necessary,the computational complexities is the most considerable parameter in context of an adaptive filter. As it tells us about reliability of any system, agility to real time environment least mean squares (LMS) algorithm is generally utilized in light of its low computational multifaceted nature (O(N)) and easier in implementation.

Evaluation of Louisiana Friction Rating Table by Field Measurements

This study aims to evaluate the current Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) friction rating table by field measurements and provide recommendations for the frictional mix design guidelines. The current friction rating table is based on the Polished Stone Value (PSV) of coarse aggregate as the only surface friction guideline in a wearing course mixture design, which is only one of many factors that affect the pavement surface friction. To achieve the objective, the pavement surface friction and texture properties were measured using Lock-Wheel Skid Trailer (LWST), Dynamic Friction Tester (DFT) and Circular Track Meter (CTM). Twenty two different asphalt p avement sections were selected across the Louisiana covering commonly used aggregate sources and four typical mixture types namely 12.5mm and 19mm Superpave, Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC). 1,000-ft. test section was marked to conduct the field tests. Three skid number measurements were taken at the beginning, the mid-point, and the end of each test section using both ribbed and smooth tire. Three DFT and three CTM tests were conducted within each segment that LWST took the skid number. In addition to field testing, multiyear field skid number data were retrieved from LADOTD Project Management System (PMS) database and included in the analysis of this study. Statistical analyses were performed on the collected data to develop correlations among different test devices and frictional properties. Subsequently, the analysis results led to the development of a procedure to predict the surface skid number at the end of design life based on design traffic, aggregate and mixture properties. The developed skid prediction procedure can be used to update the current DOTD friction rating table. An exemplary updated PSV table was also provided under different traffic level through selection of different mixture to achieve end of design life SN40S equals to 20. Similarly, a minimum DFT20 requirement table after 100,000 polishing cycles under Three Wheel Polishing Device (TWPD) was also developed for friction evaluation of new aggregate in mixture by comparing field DFT and CTM measurements with laboratory measurements (obtained from LTRC project 09-2B)

Nepalese legal standard of milk and common milk products and its implications

The milk and milk products are diversified and there is increasing awareness about the quality standards of products among the consumers.Therefore this study reviewed the legal standard of milk and common milk Products in Nepal and its implications using desk review and exploratory research.In Nepal, the department of food technology and quality control has developed several legal standards for the quality assurance of milk and milk products. National Dairy Development Board has established the Code of Practice for Dairy Industry 2004 which directs six criteria for the standardization of milk and milk products like Organoleptic test, Clot On Boiling (COB) test, Alcohol Test,Fat test and Solids-Not-Fat (SNF)test,  Adulteration test, phosphate test, and microbial and coliform test. The review identified the quality standards of milk products like ghee, butter, paneer, milk powders but some quality parameters for ice-creams and cheese are still missing. The research identifies the quality non-compliance rate of milk and milk products that is about 19% which is in a decreasing trend. To the effective implementation of the legal standards, maintenance of health and hygiene of livestock at the production site, lab and infrastructure support at the distribution site, and creating consumer awareness to the consumer site is imperative

Base Deficit as a Predictor of Mortality in Sepsis and Septic Shock.

Introduction: Sepsis is a common problem encountered in the emergency room which needs to be intervened early. It is always difficult to have the quick prognostic marker of sepsis in busy emergency. So this study was conducted to determine whether base deficit can be used as an indicator of mortality among septic patients in emergency room set up like ours. Methods: It was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study done at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu from March 2018 to December 2018.  Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II score(APACHE II), Base deficit, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment(SOFA)score on first day of arrival in the emergency room were calculated. The association of 28-day outcome with Acute physiology and chronic Health Evaluation II score, Base deficit value and SOFA score were derived. Results: Out of 229 patients with septic shock 62 died (27%) and among 71 patients without septic shock,12 died(16.9%) .Overall mortality was 24.66 %(n= 74).The area under the ROC curve for Base deficit(0.864;95% C.I.=0.822-0.906), APACHE II( 0.782;95%C.I=0.718-0.848;,SOFA(0.689;95% C.I=0.620-0.757) were greater than 0.7 except for SOFA which signifies these test to  have fair efficacy to predict mortality. Conclusions: High base deficit value predicts mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Keywords: Base Deficit; Sepsis; Septic Shock, Predictor, Mortality DOI: http://doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i2.2516

Credit’s use performance and its determinants on farm household: A case of Chitwan district of Nepal

Credit has been considered to play a pivotal role in the agricultural development of Nepal. A large number of institutions are involved in the disbursement of credit to agriculture. In this backdrop, the present study has examined the performance of agricultural credit and has identified the determinants of increased use of credit at the farm household level in Nepal. The study was based on survey data consisting of 107 samples collected randomly from the Chitwan district. The study has revealed that the quantum of credit availed by the farming households is affected by several socio-demographic factors which include caste, economically active population, food sufficiency, and membership in an organization. The research revealed that if the household is Brahmin/ Chettri, the probability of borrowing loans decreased by 32% as compared to other castes. Similarly, if the household’s economically active population increased by one unit, the probability of taking a loan increased by 16%. The results also show that, if household food sufficiency increased by one month the probability of taking loans decreased by 4 % but if the household head is a member of an organization, the probability of taking a loan increased by 28%. The congenial environment to increase the involvement of the household head to an organization like cooperative and farmers group, increasing the food self-sufficiency through productivity enhancement program and creating awareness on credit utilization helps to increase credit use performance in Agriculture

Journey of a fish from the vagina to the bladder: a case report

Foreign bodies in the genitourinary tracts are not uncommon and is often a challenge to remove them from the bladder. This case is a peculiar one where there was a migration of a live fish from the vagina to the bladder. A 60- year- old post-menopausal woman while taking bath in a pond felt that there was an entry of fish into the vagina. Her complaints were pain and bleeding per vagina and there was no leakage of urine. At the peripheral health facility, she underwent exploration of the vagina under local anesthesia after placing the foley catheter which was draining blood-stained urine. The patient was then referred to us. There was a laceration at the right anterolateral fornix. Fish could be palpated with the finger. She underwent routine blood tests and CT KUB which revealed a foreign body at the right anterolateral side of the vagina. Cystoscopy showed a laceration of 1×1 cm noted in the posterior wall of bladder approximately 1cm above right ureteric orifice, through which the fish was seen. Through speculum examination, the rent was visible and the remnants of the fish were removed vaginally. Laparotomy and rent repair was done because of the rent in the bladder. Foreign bodies into the bladder are common and invariably seen among children, women who have psychiatric problems. Common foreign bodies seen are broomsticks, toothbrushes, pencils, gauze, sutures, clips, IUCD, etc. Fish as a foreign body is a very rare condition. The unusual entry of a fish into the vagina has eroded and entered the bladder. Prompt investigations like CT scans and cystoscopy can help in the removal of foreign bodies

THE FIRST REPORT OF A POSSIBLE SARS-CoV-2 REINFECTION IN NEPAL

oai:ojs2.jebas.org:article/1Since August 2020, a growing number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, after approximately three months, in most of them, again presented a new infection episode, which has been defined as reinfection. So far, no cases have been reported in Nepal, and still there is limited the number of them, especially of those fully confirmed. Here, we report a case and discuss its multiple implications in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

Multiplexed Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Aspergillus flavus Genes Confers Aflatoxin Resistance in Groundnut

Aflatoxins are immunosuppressive and carcinogenic secondary metabolites, produced by the filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus flavus, that are hazardous to animal and human health. In this study, we show that multiplexed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of Aspergillus flavus genes essential for fungal sporulation and aflatoxin production (nsdC, veA, aflR, and aflM) confers enhanced resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination in groundnut (<20 ppb). Comparative proteomic analysis of contrasting groundnut genotypes (WT and near-isogenic HIGS lines) supported a better understanding of the molecular processes underlying the induced resistance and identified several groundnut metabolites that might play a significant role in resistance to Aspergillus infection and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal differentiation and pathogenicity proteins, including calmodulin, transcriptional activator-HacA, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase 2, VeA, VelC, and several aflatoxin pathway biosynthetic enzymes, were downregulated in Aspergillus infecting the HIGS lines. Additionally, in the resistant HIGS lines, a number of host resistance proteins associated with fatty acid metabolism were strongly induced, including phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase, lysophosphatidic acyltransferase-5, palmitoyl-monogalactosyldiacylglycerol Δ-7 desaturase, ceramide kinase-related protein, sphingolipid Δ-8 desaturase, and phospholipase-D. Combined, this knowledge can be used for groundnut pre-breeding and breeding programs to provide a safe and secure food supply

Prescription practices and availability of artemisinin monotherapy in India: where do we stand?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The World Health Organization has urged all member states to deploy artemisinin-based combination therapy and progressively withdraw oral artemisinin monotherapies from the market due to their high recrudescence rates and to reduce the risk of drug resistance. Prescription practices by physicians and the availability of oral artemisinin monotherapies with pharmacists directly affect the pattern of their use. Thus, treatment practices for malaria, with special reference to artemisinin monotherapy prescription, in selected states of India were evaluated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Structured, tested questionnaires were used to conduct convenience surveys of physicians and pharmacists in eleven purposively selected districts across six states in 2008. In addition, exit interviews of patients with a diagnosis of uncomplicated malaria or a prescription for an anti-malarial drug were also performed. Logistic regression was used to determine patient clinical care, and institutional factors associated with artemisinin monotherapy prescription.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Five hundred and eleven physicians from 196 health facilities, 530 pharmacists, and 1, 832 patients were interviewed. Artemisinin monotherapy was available in 72.6% of pharmacies and was prescribed by physicians for uncomplicated malaria in all study states. Exit interviews among patients confirmed the high rate of use of artemisinin monotherapy with 14.8% receiving such a prescription. Case management, i.e. method of diagnosis and overall treatment, varied by state and public or private sector. Treatment in the private sector (OR 8.0, 95%CI: 3.8, 17) was the strongest predictor of artemisinin monotherapy prescription when accounting for other factors. Use of the combination therapy recommended by the national drug policy, artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine, was minimal (4.9%), with the exception of one state.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Artemisinin monotherapy use was widespread across India in 2008. The accessible sale of oral artemisinin monotherapy in retail market and an inadequate supply of recommended drugs in the public sector health facilities promoted its prescription. This study resulted in notifications to all state drug controllers in India to withdraw the oral artemisinin formulations from the market. In 2010, artesunate + sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine became the universal first-line treatment for confirmed <it>Plasmodium falciparum </it>malaria and was deployed at full scale.</p

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 strains that trace the origin of Haitian-like genetic traits

Vibrio cholerae O1 is the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. The bacterium has recently been causing outbreaks in Haiti with catastrophic effects. Numerous mutations have been reported in V. cholerae O1 strains associated with the Haitian outbreak. These mutations encompass among other the genes encoding virulence factors such as the pilin subunit of the toxin-co-regulated pilus (tcpA), cholera toxin B subunit (ctxB), repeat in toxins (rtxA), and other genes such as the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrase A (gyrA), rstB of RS element along with the alteration in the number of repeat sequences at the promoter region of ctxAB. Given the numerous genetic changes in those Haitian isolates, we decided to investigate the possible origins of those variations in the Indian subcontinent. Thus, we determined the genetic traits among V. cholerae O1 strains in Delhi, India. A total of 175 strains isolated from cholera patients during 2004 to 2012 were analysed in the present study. Our results showed that all the tested strains carried Haitian type tcpA (tcpACIRS) and variant gyrA indicating their first appearance before 2004 in Delhi. The Haitian variant rtxA and ctxB7 were first detected in Delhi during 2004 and 2006, respectively. Interestingly, not a single strain with the combination of El Tor rtxA and ctxB7 was detected in this study. The Delhi strains carried four heptad repeats (TTTTGAT) in the CT promoter region whereas Haitian strains carried 5 such repeats. Delhi strains did not have any deletion mutations in the rstB like Haitian strains. Overall, our study demonstrates the sequential accumulation of Haitian-like genetic traits among V. cholerae O1 strains in Delhi at different time points prior to the Haitian cholera outbreak