Ajuvant effect of a Synthetic Aluminium - Magnesium Silicate on chloroquine phosphate, against Plasmodium berghei.

Abstract effect of a synthetic Aluminium - Magnesium Silicate (AMS) on antiplasmodial activity of chloroquine was tested. Plasmodium berghei-infected mice were treated with 7 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg chloroquine, respectively. The two subgroups in each experiment were treated with chloroquine alone and with chloroquine in AMS respectively. Parasitaemia (%) of the group treated with 7 mg/kg was higher than that of the control. At 5 mg/kg, chloroquine treatment significantly reduced parasitaemia from 3.60 to 2.46 (P =0.01). Incorporating chloroquine in AMS significantly improved its ability to reduce P. berghei parasitaemia at 5 mgkg and at 3 mg/kg, from 2.46 0.21 to 1.57 0.25 (P = 0.01) and from 3.82 0.06 to 2.12 0.08 (P =0.01 ). It also increased mortality of mice treated at 7 mg/kg from 20 to 80 %

Aluminium - Magnesium Silicate enhances antibacterial activity of Ampicillin trihydrate, against Salmonella gallinarum

Solutions of different concentrations, of Ampicillin trihydrate (AT) and of a formulation of AT in Aluminium Magnesium Silicate (AMS), were used for sensitivity test on Salmonella gallinarum cultures. Also, S. gallinarum-infected chicks were treated with; 10 mg / Kg (AT), 10 mg / Kg (AT in AMS), 7.5 mg / Kg ( AT), 7.5 mg /Kg (AT in AMS). Mean inhibition area, 28.39 mm produced by AT did not vary significantly (P ) from 26.36 mm produced by AT in AMS. However, 17.5 105 Salmonella gallinarum culture forming units per ml of bile of the untreated chicks and 3.4 105 (80.58 % reduction), 2.5 105 (85.7 % reduction) , 5.4 105 (69.2 % reduction ) and 0.38 105 (97.8 % reduction ) of the respective treated groups, showed AMS significantly (P 0.01) improved AT`s ability to clear the infection, in vivo

Antiviral Effects of a Synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate on Avian Influenza Virus

Effects of a synthetic Aluminium-Magnesium Silicate (AMS) on Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) were tested. Equal amounts of H5N1 AIV samples and of AMS were mixed, left one hour, at room temperature before centrifuging. The supernatants were remeasured and tested for viral titre, for Mean Death Time (MDT) and Embryo Mortality Rate (EMR) of chicken eggs. Volumes of the viral samples reduced at rate of 23.4 ± 5.48 %. Viral titres reduced significantly (P from HA, 73 ± 32.72 to 1.4 ±0.43). Also, mortality of infected embryos reduced from 100 % to 65% while MDT of those that died, increased significantly (P = 0.001) from 76 ± 4.38 to 130 ±17.27 hours. When incubation with AMS was repeated on portions of the same sample, MDT increased from 64 to 104 hours with the portion incubated once. Two AIV portions on which incubation with AMS was repeated could not kill chick embryos

Neuromodulatory effects of hydro-ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia leaf in mice

Purpose: To investigate the neuromodulatory activities of the hydro-ethanolic extract of Parinari curatellifolia (HEPC) leaves of the family Chrysobalanaceae in mice. Method: The open field, hole cross, hole board, climbing, elevated plus-maze, tail suspension and ketamine-induced sleeping time tests were conducted on mice groups (n = 3) to which HEPC 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg (per os) or standard central nervous system drugs (20 mg/kg imipramine and 20 mg/kg fluoxetine) intramuscularly were administered 30 min earlier. Results: Imipramine, HEPC, and fluoxetine significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the frequency of hole crossing, head dipping and locomotory activities in the animals. The immobility period during tail suspension was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the group treated with 400 and 800 mg/kg HEPC but was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the imipramine group. The duration of chain climbing significantly increased (p < 0.05) after treatment with 400 and 800 mg/kg HEPC in comparison to the climbing time observed in the imipramine group. The frequency of open arm entry was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the imipramine group compared to open arm entries in the 400 and 800 mg/kg HEPC-treated groups. Ketamine-induced sleep time was not prolonged with 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg HEPC, when compared with the standard drugs used. Conclusion: P. curatellifolia extract causes sedation and muscle relaxation but does not abolish anxiety behaviour in mice. The findings, therefore, provide some scientific evidence validating the use of Parinari curatellifolia extract in the folkloric management of insomnia

Immunologic and haematologic effects of methanolic stem bark extract of Azadihiracta indica on chickens experimentally infected with velogenic newcastle disease virus (Kudu 113) strain

The study was aimed at evaluating the weight, haematologic and immunologic effects of crude methanolic stem bark extract of Azadihiracta indica stem bark on vaccinated chickens experimentally challenged with the velogenic Newcastle disease virus. One hundred day old cockerels were randomly divided into four equal groups (I, II, III and IV). Birds in all groups were vaccinated with La Sota strain of Newcastle disease vaccine. The birds were challenged with the velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus (VNDV) at 42 days of age. Following challenge, groups I, II and III were given oral treatment of methanolic stem bark extract of Azadihiracta indica at 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg, respectively until day 56 of age, while group IV was not given the treatment. Thereafter, birds in all the groups were assessed for onset of clinical signs, changes in live body weight, humoral immune responses and haematologic changes. The birds in groups I, II and III showed no sign of Newcastle disease while birds in group IV exhibited mild depression and huddling. The mean body weight of the vaccinated-treated groups were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the vaccinated-untreated group on day 56 of age. On days 63 and 70 of age, the mean body weight of group III was significantly higher than groups I and II. The mean haemagglutination inhibition titres of group III was significantly higher (p<0.05) than groups I, II and IV. The mean PCV, Hb and RBC values of the vaccinated-treated group was significantly (p>0.05) higher than the vaccinated-untreated group on day 49 of age. The WBC count of groups I and II were significantly higher (p>0.05) than groups III and IV on days 49 and 56 of age. The mean absolute heterophil counts of vaccinated-treated groups was significantly (p>0.05) higher than the vaccinated-untreated group on days 56 and 63 of age. The mean absolute lymphocyte counts of the vaccinated-treated increased significantly (p>0.05) than that of vaccinated-untreated birds days 49 of age till the end of the experiment.Keywords: Azadihiracta indica, Stem bark extract, Chickens, Newcastle disease, Immune response, Haematological change

Reduction of the Adverse Impacts of Fungal Mycotoxin on Proximate Composition of Feed and Growth Performance in Broilers by Combined Adsorbents

Synergistic interaction of adsorbents in reducing the adverse impacts of mycotoxin on performance and proximate composition of broiler feeds was investigated. Fungal growth was induced by sprinkling water on the feed. S. cerevisiae + bentonite, kaolin + bentonite or S. cerevisiea + kaolin adsorbent combinations (1.5 g/kg feed) were added and the feeds were stored in black polythene bags. An untreated group was kept as a positive control while fresh uncontaminated feed was used as a negative control. Mycotoxins were extracted from the feeds and quantified using reverse phase HPLC. Proximate composition, nutrient digestibility of the feeds, feed intake and weight gain of the broilers were measured. Deoxynivalenol (DON) concentration in the contaminated/untreated feed was 347 mu g/kg while aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was 34 mu g/kg. Addition of bentonite and kaolin in the contaminated feed reduced AFB1 and DON to significantly lower levels. Feed intake and weight gain were low in the broilers fed the contaminated feed. The carbohydrate level was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced from 62.31 to 40.10%, crude protein digestibility dropped from 80.67 to 49.03% in the fresh feed and contaminated feed respectively. Addition of the adsorbents (S. cerevisiae and bentonite) significantly (p < 0.05) improved these parameters