Kebijakan Penilaian Keberhasilan Reklamasi Lahan Pasca-tambang Batubara di Indonesia

Indonesian government has enacted regulations requiring reclamation and rehabilitation activities on post coal mining areas. However, the evaluation related to the ecological restoration concepts is yet unavailable. This study aims to evaluate the regulations on rehabilitation and reclamation of post coal mining areas in Indonesia conforming on ecological restoration concepts. Employing desk study and content anaysis, this research focussed on three technical regulations concerning reclamation guidance and post-mining evaluation guidance, namely ESDM Decree No 7 Year 2014, MoF Decree No P.60/Menhut-II/2009, and MoF Decree No P.4/Menhut-II/2011. Each regulation was comprehensively evaluated whether the regulation already regulates matters relating to ecological restoration criterias, such as biodiversity recovery, soil remediation, planting of local plants, bans on invasive plant species and monitoring and evaluation. The result showed that there was no regulation complying with all ecological restoration criterias. Meanwhile, all the regulations have mandated monitoring and evaluation after rehabilitation and reclamation activities. However, there was no regulation mandating prohibition on planting invasive plant species. In conclusion, regulations related to post coal mining rehabilitation and reclamation have not fully complied with the ecological restoration concepts, therefore improvement to that regulations are necessary. Pemerintah Indonesia telah menetapkan berbagai peraturan yang mewajibkan kegiatan reklamasi dan rehabilitasi pasca-tambang, namun, belum banyak dilakukan evaluasi terhadap peraturan tersebut dalam kaitannya dengan konsep ekologi restorasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peraturan-peraturan tersebut memenuhi konsep restorasi ekologi. Metode penelitian ini adalah desk study dengan bahan utama regulasi yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan reklamasi dan rehabilitasi lahan pasca-tambang batubara. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode analisis isi. Kajian difokuskan pada tiga aturan teknis yang mengatur pedoman reklamasi maupun pedoman penilaian keberhasilan reklamasi pasca-tambang yaitu Peraturan Menteri ESDM Nomor 7 tahun 2014, Permenhut Nomor P.60/Menhut-II/2009, dan Permenhut Nomor P.4/Menhut-II/2011. Setiap peraturan Perundangan dikaji secara komprehensif apakah peraturan tersebut sudah memuat dan mengatur hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan beberapa kriteria restorasi ekologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada peraturan yang memenuhi semua kriteria restorasi ekologi. Semua regulasi telah memuat kewajiban rehabilitasi atau reklamasi serta evaluasi tetapi tidak ada satupun regulasi yang memuat pelarangan penggunaan tanaman invasif. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah regulasi tentang rehabilitasi dan reklamasi pasca-tambang batubara di Indonesia belum sepenuhnya sejalan dengan konsep ekologi restorasi karena hanya memuat sebagian dari kriteria dan indikator restorasi ekologi sehingga masih diperlukan penyempurnaan agar perbaikan dan pemulihan lahan pasca-tambang dapat memenuhi konsep restorasi ekolog

Efforts to Improve Ecotourism Management for Bekantan Conservation From Visitors\u27 Perspectives: a Case Study in Balikpapan East Kalimantan

The two fragmented mangrove forests, located in Graha Indah (HMGI) and Margomulyo (HMM) Balikpapan (East Kalimantan), are important habitats for Bekantan, an endemic and endangered animal species in Indonesian Borneo. The local government has put some conservation efforts by promoting those locations as the tourist destinations but they are not optimally well managed. This research aims to determine the visitors\u27 profiles, perceptions, and potential ticket funding by using questionnaires. Visitors\u27 ticket funding preference was obtained using the Willingness to Pay (WTP) method and analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Visitors\u27 profiles and perceptions were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the visitors\u27 WTP in HMM and HMGI were Rp9.258 and Rp13.980, respectively, strongly influenced by income, type of jobs, and visiting frequency in HMGI. Meanwhile, HMM visitors were dominated by students (63%), with 11-20 years old by age (58%). On the other hand, the visitors\u27 occupation in HMGI was more varied i.e. private sectors (27%), students (27%) and civil servants (24%), with 21-30 years old by age (35%). Most of the visitors were from the city of Balikpapan that reached, 76% and 62% in HMM and HMGI, respectively. Potential funding from visitors cannot be estimated due to the lack of accurate data on the annual number of visitors. Internet and social media are potential methods to promote ecotourism in both places as well as promoting mangrove and bekantan conservation

The Growth of Local Tree Species on Post-coal Mining Areas in East Kalimantan

Post-coal mining areas need rehabilitation to restore its functionality. Not all plants could grow well on bare ex-coal mining area because of the excessive light intensity and extreme temperature fluctuations. This study is aimed to determine suitable local tree species for rehabilitating mined areas. Planting was carried out in November 2012, and observations were made in November 2015. The study site was in the district of Samboja, Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Research results revealed that seven tree species survived well in the ex-coal mining land, i.e., Vitex pinnata L., Syzygium scortechinii (Merr.) Merr. & Perry, Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp., Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Burck, Macaranga motleyana (Mull.Arg.) Mull.Arg., Cleistanthus myrianthus (Hassk.) Kurz and Syzygium lineatum (DC.) Merr. & L.M. Perry. From the seven species V. pinnata, Sy. scortechinii and Sy. polyanthum performed best in both survival and growth rates. This study suggests those three species are excellent local tree species for ex-coal mining rehabilitation, not only because of their high survival rate (≥80%) and Fast-growing but also they produce favourable fruits and flowers for wildlife

Community Perceptions of Impacts of Ecotourism and Its Implications on Ecotourism Development in the Balikpapan Bay, East Kalimantan

Understanding local community perceptions towards ecotourism is important since community has a crucial role in determining sustainable ecotourism. This research aimed to identify community perceptions towards impacts of ecotourism as well as to analyse the relationships between perception and ecotourism responsible behaviour. Other goal of this study was to analyse the relationship between ecotourism responsible behaviour and social factors. Data was collected in 4 villages adjacent to the Balikpapan bay, namely Maridan, Telemow, Binuang, and Mentawir. We used the quota technique to sample respondents. For each village, we took 40 respondents randomly. Data was then analysed using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and Kruskal Wallis test. We found that community around the Balikpapan Bay thought that ecotourism was able to bring positive impacts for village and community. A Kruskal Wallis test revealed that there was no significant difference regarding perceptions among 4 villages. We found that there was a correlation between ecotourism responsible behaviour and gender. Implications of community's perceptions to ecotourism development around the Balikpapan bay were then discussed