Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory response by two formulations of Jatyadithailam in healing diabetic foot ulcers

Jatyadithailam is a polyherbal formulation used by Ayurvedic practitioners and clinically reportedfor the treatment of inflammation related ailment specifically in non-healing chronic foot ulcers. The study is focused to validate and compare the Ayurvedic Formulary of India (AFI) and Yogagrantha (YG) formulations of Jatyadithailam in vitro, for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential. Antimicrobial activity of thailam was determined by broth microdilution method for its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and microbicidal activity (MBC/MFC). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of varying concentrations was determined by assaying albumin denaturation inhibition, membrane stabilization (hypotonicity-induced hemolysis), heat induced hemolysis and antiproteinase activities for both the formulations. Highest bactericidal and fungicidal activity was recorded by AFI formulation of Jatyadithailam showing low MIC values compared to YG formulation. Of all the tested bacterial strains, both the formulations showed great bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Both the formulations exhibited significant dose dependent anti-denaturation and anti-proteinase effectively. The thailam also showed marked stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane against thermal hemolysis. Our study confirmed AFI formulation of Jatyadithailam possessed better antimicrobial and significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory effect. AFI Jatyadithailam was more effective than YG formulation in terms of dose-dependence activity against infection causing microbes and toxic inflammatory mediators. The outcome of the study emphasizes the positive therapeutic potential of Jatyadithailam to combat infectious and inflammatory conditions

Insecticidal effects of deltamethrin in laboratory and field populations of Culicoides species: how effective are host-contact reduction methods in India?

BACKGROUND: Bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), a clinical disease observed primarily in sheep. BT has a detrimental effect on subsistence farmers in India, where hyperendemic outbreaks impact on smallholdings in the southern states of the country. In this study, we establish a reliable method for testing the toxic effects of deltamethrin on Culicoides and then compare deltamethrin with traditional control methods used by farmers in India. RESULTS: Effects of deltamethrin were initially tested using a colonised strain of Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen and a modified World Health Organisation exposure assay. This method was then applied to field populations of Culicoides spp. in India. The field population of C. oxystoma in India had a greater LC50 (0.012 ± 0.009%) for deltamethrin than laboratory-reared C.nubeculosus (0.0013 ± 0.0002%). Exposure of C. nubeculosus to deltamethrin at higher ambient temperatures resulted in greater rates of knockdown but a lower mortality rate at 24 h post-exposure. Behavioural assays with C. nubeculosus in WHO tubes provided evidence for contact irritancy and spatial repellence caused by deltamethrin. The field experiments in India, however, provided no evidence for repellent or toxic effects of deltamethrin. Traditional methods such as the application of neem oil and burning of neem leaves also provided no protection. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that field-collected Culicoides in India are less susceptible to deltamethrin exposure than laboratory-bred C. nubeculosus and traditional methods of insect control do not provide protection to sheep. These low levels of susceptibility to deltamethrin have not been recorded before in field populations of Culicoides and suggest resistance to synthetic pyrethrioids. Alternative insect control methods, in addition to vaccination, may be needed to protect Indian livestock from BTV transmission

Additional file 1: of Insecticidal effects of deltamethrin in laboratory and field populations of Culicoides species: how effective are host-contact reduction methods in India?

WHO insecticide tests original datafile. (XLSX 26 kb