C-myc Expression in the Microvessels of Medulloblastoma

The increased expression of c-myc is related to neoplastic transformation and angiogenesis. Therefore, the assessment of expression of c-myc in endothelial cells and neovascularization could help to determine the biological behavior of the tumor. We analyzed neovascularization and c-myc expression in 36 medulloblastoma specimens. The results were shown by determining immunohistochemical staining index (ISI), the sum of staining intensity (SI) and the percentage of positive cells (PPC) in the blood vessels endothelium of the tumor. We also performed the microvessel count (MVC) in 10 high-power fields (400X) with the most prominent vascularization and expressed it as microvessel density per mm2 (MVD). C-myc immunostaining intensity index in blood vessel endothelium is grouped into four groups, 0 – no reaction, I – weak reaction (ISI = 1 or 2), II – moderate reaction (ISI = 3 or 4), III – strong reaction (ISI = 5 or 6). Statistically significant differences (p=0.0214) have been found between groups 0 and 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. A higher percentage of positive cells has been found in male patients than in female ones (p=0.0483). C-myc PPC 0 or 1 has on the average smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc PPC 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant. C-myc ISI 0 or 1 has, on the average, smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc ISI 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant.We concluded that c-myc staining intensity was associated with higher microvessels density

C-myc Expression in the Microvessels of Medulloblastoma

The increased expression of c-myc is related to neoplastic transformation and angiogenesis. Therefore, the assessment of expression of c-myc in endothelial cells and neovascularization could help to determine the biological behavior of the tumor. We analyzed neovascularization and c-myc expression in 36 medulloblastoma specimens. The results were shown by determining immunohistochemical staining index (ISI), the sum of staining intensity (SI) and the percentage of positive cells (PPC) in the blood vessels endothelium of the tumor. We also performed the microvessel count (MVC) in 10 high-power fields (400X) with the most prominent vascularization and expressed it as microvessel density per mm2 (MVD). C-myc immunostaining intensity index in blood vessel endothelium is grouped into four groups, 0 – no reaction, I – weak reaction (ISI = 1 or 2), II – moderate reaction (ISI = 3 or 4), III – strong reaction (ISI = 5 or 6). Statistically significant differences (p=0.0214) have been found between groups 0 and 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. A higher percentage of positive cells has been found in male patients than in female ones (p=0.0483). C-myc PPC 0 or 1 has on the average smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc PPC 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant. C-myc ISI 0 or 1 has, on the average, smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc ISI 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant.We concluded that c-myc staining intensity was associated with higher microvessels density

Isolated nodular amyloidosis of the breast associated with monoclonal gamapathy (IgG) - Case report

Amiloidoza je bolest nakupljanja netopivih proteina amiloida u ekstracelularnom prostoru. Nakupljeni proteini su imunoglobulinski spojevi koje proizvode plazma stanice i B-limfociti stimulirani antigenom. Razlikujmo tri sistemska oblika amiloidoze: primarna (AL), sekundarna (AA) i obiteljska. Lokalizirana amilodoza javlja se u gušterači kod dijabetičara tipa 2, te kod bolesnika na kroničnoj dijalizi. Amiloidoza dojke je rijedak entitet i obično se javlja kod starijih žena. Pojavljuje se kao nakupljanje ili amiloidni tumor ili u sklopu sistemskih bolesti, a često se mamografski dijagnosticira kao karcinom. Prikazat ćemo slučaj 70-godišnje bolesnice s monoklonalnom IgG gamapatijom, te pridruženom hidronefrozom i akutnom bubrežnom insuficijencijom kod koje je ultrazvučni nalaz ukazivao na zloćudni tumor dojke, a mamografski nalaz prikazao je lobulirano, neoštro ograničeno područje, bez vidljivih mikrokalcifikata.Amyloidosis is an abnormal deposition of insoluble amyloid proteins in extracellular spaces. Protein deposits are components of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells and B–lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation. Three different forms of systemic amyloidosis can be distinguished, those are primary (AL), secondary (AA) and family form. Localized amyloidosis occurs in the pancreas in type 2 diabetic patients and in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Amyloidosis of the breast is a rare entity, mostly involving elderly women, and may be misdiagnosed as carcinoma on mammography. A 70 years old woman presented with monoclonal IgG gamapathy, hydronephrosis, acute renal insufficiency and suspicious lesion in the breast on ultrasound. Mammography revealed a lobulated, ill demarcated area without visible microcalcifications

Isolated nodular amyloidosis of the breast associated with monoclonal gamapathy (IgG) - Case report

Amiloidoza je bolest nakupljanja netopivih proteina amiloida u ekstracelularnom prostoru. Nakupljeni proteini su imunoglobulinski spojevi koje proizvode plazma stanice i B-limfociti stimulirani antigenom. Razlikujmo tri sistemska oblika amiloidoze: primarna (AL), sekundarna (AA) i obiteljska. Lokalizirana amilodoza javlja se u gušterači kod dijabetičara tipa 2, te kod bolesnika na kroničnoj dijalizi. Amiloidoza dojke je rijedak entitet i obično se javlja kod starijih žena. Pojavljuje se kao nakupljanje ili amiloidni tumor ili u sklopu sistemskih bolesti, a često se mamografski dijagnosticira kao karcinom. Prikazat ćemo slučaj 70-godišnje bolesnice s monoklonalnom IgG gamapatijom, te pridruženom hidronefrozom i akutnom bubrežnom insuficijencijom kod koje je ultrazvučni nalaz ukazivao na zloćudni tumor dojke, a mamografski nalaz prikazao je lobulirano, neoštro ograničeno područje, bez vidljivih mikrokalcifikata.Amyloidosis is an abnormal deposition of insoluble amyloid proteins in extracellular spaces. Protein deposits are components of immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells and B–lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation. Three different forms of systemic amyloidosis can be distinguished, those are primary (AL), secondary (AA) and family form. Localized amyloidosis occurs in the pancreas in type 2 diabetic patients and in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Amyloidosis of the breast is a rare entity, mostly involving elderly women, and may be misdiagnosed as carcinoma on mammography. A 70 years old woman presented with monoclonal IgG gamapathy, hydronephrosis, acute renal insufficiency and suspicious lesion in the breast on ultrasound. Mammography revealed a lobulated, ill demarcated area without visible microcalcifications

Update on the core and developing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder, whose prevalence will dramatically rise by 2050. Despite numerous clinical trials investigating this disease, there is still no effective treatment. Many trials showed negative or inconclusive results, possibly because they recruited only patients with severe disease, who had not undergone disease-modifying therapies in preclinical stages of AD before severe degeneration occurred. Detection of AD in asymptomatic at risk individuals (and a few presymptomatic individuals who carry an autosomal dominant monogenic AD mutation) remains impractical in many of clinical situations and is possible only with reliable biomarkers. In addition to early diagnosis of AD, biomarkers should serve for monitoring disease progression and response to therapy. To date, the most promising biomarkers are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging biomarkers. Core CSF biomarkers (amyloid β1-42, total tau, and phosphorylated tau) showed a high diagnostic accuracy but were still unreliable for preclinical detection of AD. Hence, there is an urgent need for detection and validation of novel CSF biomarkers that would enable early diagnosis of AD in asymptomatic individuals. This article reviews recent research advances on biomarkers for AD, focusing mainly on the CSF biomarkers. In addition to core CSF biomarkers, the potential usefulness of novel CSF biomarkers is discussed

Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome: A Case Report

Pojedinačni ili multipli ulkusi mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojemu dijelu kolona i/ili u rektumu. Diferencijalna dijagnoza rektalnoga ulkusa uključuje: upalne bolesti crijeva, crijevne infekcije, urogenitalne bolesti, ulceracije uzrokovane lijekovima (na primjer, nesteroidnim protuupalnim lijekovima – NSAID-om), sindrom solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa, sterkoralni ulkus, ishemički kolitis te rektalne neoplazme. Prikazan je slučaj 50-ogodišnje pacijentice kojoj je dijagnosticiran sindrom solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa i koja se kontrolira posljednje četiri godine. S obzirom na anamnestičke podatke, endoskopski i patohistološki nalaz, uz kronični i benigni tijek bolesti, a bez znakova za postojanje drugih organskih bolesti, postavljena je dijagnoza sindroma solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa. Dodatno je naveden terapijski postupak koji je uključivao konzervativno i medikamentozno liječenje te biofeedback vježbe uz literaturni prikaz predloženoga algoritma liječenja toga sindroma.Single or multiple ulcers may appear in any part of the colon and/or rectum. The differential diagnosis of a rectal ulcer includes: inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infections, genitourinary infections, drug-induced ulcers (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAID), solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, stercoral ulcer, ischemic colitis and rectal neoplasm. The article presents a case of a 50-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and has been observed for four years. On the basis of the medical case history, endoscopic and histological findings, the chronic and benign course of the disease, and no evidence of other organic diseases, the patient was diagnosed with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. In addition, this article contains a description of the therapeutic procedure that included conservative and medical therapy together with biofeedback, and gives an overview of the literature dealing with the suggested treatment algorithm of this syndrome

Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome: A Case Report

Pojedinačni ili multipli ulkusi mogu se pojaviti u bilo kojemu dijelu kolona i/ili u rektumu. Diferencijalna dijagnoza rektalnoga ulkusa uključuje: upalne bolesti crijeva, crijevne infekcije, urogenitalne bolesti, ulceracije uzrokovane lijekovima (na primjer, nesteroidnim protuupalnim lijekovima – NSAID-om), sindrom solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa, sterkoralni ulkus, ishemički kolitis te rektalne neoplazme. Prikazan je slučaj 50-ogodišnje pacijentice kojoj je dijagnosticiran sindrom solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa i koja se kontrolira posljednje četiri godine. S obzirom na anamnestičke podatke, endoskopski i patohistološki nalaz, uz kronični i benigni tijek bolesti, a bez znakova za postojanje drugih organskih bolesti, postavljena je dijagnoza sindroma solitarnoga rektalnog ulkusa. Dodatno je naveden terapijski postupak koji je uključivao konzervativno i medikamentozno liječenje te biofeedback vježbe uz literaturni prikaz predloženoga algoritma liječenja toga sindroma.Single or multiple ulcers may appear in any part of the colon and/or rectum. The differential diagnosis of a rectal ulcer includes: inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal infections, genitourinary infections, drug-induced ulcers (e.g. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - NSAID), solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, stercoral ulcer, ischemic colitis and rectal neoplasm. The article presents a case of a 50-year-old patient who has been diagnosed with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and has been observed for four years. On the basis of the medical case history, endoscopic and histological findings, the chronic and benign course of the disease, and no evidence of other organic diseases, the patient was diagnosed with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. In addition, this article contains a description of the therapeutic procedure that included conservative and medical therapy together with biofeedback, and gives an overview of the literature dealing with the suggested treatment algorithm of this syndrome

Vrijednost određivanja ekspresije BCL-2 obitelji proteina, TP53 i C-MYC-a u meduloblastomima : doktorski rad

Cilj istraživanja: Imunohistokemijski analizirati ekspresiju apoptotičkih biljega, bcl-2-a, bax-a i p53 te transkripcijskog faktora c-myc-a na tumorskim stanicama meduloblastoma. Utvrditi međuovisnost analiziranih parametara kao i njihov odnos prema spolu i dobi bolesnika, histološkom tipu meduloblastoma i broju krvnih žila unutar tumora. Materijali i metode: Parafinski rezovi 39 uzoraka meduloblastoma obojeni su streptavidin imunoperoksidaza tehnikom na automatskom imunobojaču primjenom poliklonskih (za bax) i monoklonskih (za bcl-2, p53 i c-myc) protutijela. Evaluacija imunohistokemijskog bojenja vršena je na temelju utvrđivanja intenziteta bojenja odnosno imunohistokemijske reakcije (IR), postotka reaktivnih stanica (PRS) te konačno indeksa imunohistokemijskog bojenja koji je dobiven zbrojem IR i PRS. Broj krvnih žila mjeren je na 10 vidnih polja najaktivnije vaskularizacije, a vrijednost je izražena kao gustoća krvnih žila na mm2. Rezultati: Pozitivno nuklearno obojenje s p53 je utvrđeno u 14, citoplazmatsko s bcl-2 u 9, citoplazmatsko i membransko s bax-om u 39 te nuklearno i citoplazmatsko s c-myc-om u 26 uzoraka, nije koreliralo sa spolom bolesnika. Starija dobna skupina bila je obilježena tumorima jače p53 ekspresije (p=0,036), a neklasični oblici meduloblastoma jačom ekspresijom bcl-2 (p=0,046). Međusobnim uspoređivanjem biljega nađena je pozitivna korelacija između IIB za p53 i IR za bcl-2 (p<0,001). Ekspresija c-myc-a utvrđena je, osim na tumorskim stanicama i na endotelu krvnih žila u 22 uzoraka meduloblastoma. Jači izražaj ovog transkripcijskog faktora bio je udružen s većom gustoćom krvnih žila (p=0,021). ii Uspoređujući ekspresiju p53, broj i gustoću krvnih žila utvrđeno je da tumori s više pozitivnih stanica imaju u prosjeku veći broj (p=0,0435) i veću gustoću krvnih žila (p=0,0528). Isto tako, utvrđena je povezanost, iako bez statističke značajnosti, između IIB za p53 na stanicama meduloblastoma i broja (p=0,0728) te gustoće krvnih žila (p=0,0948) unutar tumora. Zaključak: Istraživanja pokazuju heterogenu ekspresiju apoptotičkih proteina i transkripcijskog faktora c-myc-a na tumorskim stanicama. Veća ekspresija p53 proteina u starijoj dobi bolesnika, veći broj i gustoća krvnih žila kao i veća ekspresija antiapoptotičkog bcl-2 u neklasičnom obliku meduloblastoma mogli bi imati značaj za biološko ponašanje meduloblastoma, odnosno odgovor na terapiju tumora, dok bi pojačana ekspresija c-myc-a na endotelu, koja je udružena s jačom vaskularizacijom, mogla ukazivati na značaj ovog transkripcijskog faktora na progresiju tumora.The aim of the research was to conduct an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of apoptotic markers, bcl-2, bax and p53 and of the transcription factor c-myc in the medulloblastoma tumour cells, and to determine the interdependence of the analysed parameters and their relationship according to the patients' sex and age, histological type of medulloblastoma and the number of blood vessels in the tumours. Materials and methods: Paraffin slices of 39 medulloblastoma samples were stained by streptavidin immunoperoxidasemethod in the automatic immunostainer using the polyclonal (for bax) and monoclonal (for bcl-2, p53 and c-myc) antibodies. The evaluation of the immunohistochemical staining done by establishing the intensity of the staining, i.e. of the immunohistochemical reaction (IR), percentage of reactive cells (PRS) and the final index of the immunohistochemical staining being the sum of the IR and PRS. The number of blood vessels was measured in the 10 visible fields of the most active vascularisation, and the value was expressed as the blood vessel density per mm2. Results. The positive nuclear staining with p53 which was established in 14 samples, cytoplasmatic with bcl-2 in 9 samples, cytoplasmatic and membrane with bax in 39 samples and nuclear and cytoplasmatic with c-myc in 26 samples did not correlate with the patients' sex. The older age group was characterised with the tumours of stronger p53 expression (p=0.036), and the nonclassical forms of the medulloblastoma with stronger expression of the bcl-2 (p=0.046). The markers' comparison proved a positive correlation between the IIB for p53 and IR for bcl-2 (p < 0.001). iv The c-myc expression was found not only in the tumour cells but also in the endothelium of the blood vessels in the 22 medulloblastoma samples. The stronger expression of this transcription factor was associated with the greater density of the blood vessels (p=0.021). The comparison of the p53 expression and the number and density of blood vessels showed that the tumours with more p53 positive cells have, on average, the greater number (p=0.0435) and density of blood vessels (p=0.0528). A connection, of no statistical relevance though, was established between IIB for p53 in the medulloblastoma cells and the number (p=0.0782), and the density of blood vessel in the tumour (p=0.0948). Conclusion: The study has shown a heterogeneous expression of the apoptotic proteins and the transcription factor c-myc in medulloblastoma tumour cells. A greater expression of the proapoptotic p53 protein commonly found in the medulloblastoma of old age group patients, the greater number and density of blood vessels and the greater expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein in a nonclassical form of the medulloblastoma may be relevant for the biological behaviour i.e. for the tumour response to therapy, while the connection between stronger tumour vascularisation and the greater number of p53 positive tumour cells, i.e. stronger expression of the c-myc in the endothelium may indicate the significance of these proteins in the tumour progression

Vrijednost određivanja ekspresije BCL-2 obitelji proteina, TP53 i C-MYC-a u meduloblastomima : doktorski rad

Cilj istraživanja: Imunohistokemijski analizirati ekspresiju apoptotičkih biljega, bcl-2-a, bax-a i p53 te transkripcijskog faktora c-myc-a na tumorskim stanicama meduloblastoma. Utvrditi međuovisnost analiziranih parametara kao i njihov odnos prema spolu i dobi bolesnika, histološkom tipu meduloblastoma i broju krvnih žila unutar tumora. Materijali i metode: Parafinski rezovi 39 uzoraka meduloblastoma obojeni su streptavidin imunoperoksidaza tehnikom na automatskom imunobojaču primjenom poliklonskih (za bax) i monoklonskih (za bcl-2, p53 i c-myc) protutijela. Evaluacija imunohistokemijskog bojenja vršena je na temelju utvrđivanja intenziteta bojenja odnosno imunohistokemijske reakcije (IR), postotka reaktivnih stanica (PRS) te konačno indeksa imunohistokemijskog bojenja koji je dobiven zbrojem IR i PRS. Broj krvnih žila mjeren je na 10 vidnih polja najaktivnije vaskularizacije, a vrijednost je izražena kao gustoća krvnih žila na mm2. Rezultati: Pozitivno nuklearno obojenje s p53 je utvrđeno u 14, citoplazmatsko s bcl-2 u 9, citoplazmatsko i membransko s bax-om u 39 te nuklearno i citoplazmatsko s c-myc-om u 26 uzoraka, nije koreliralo sa spolom bolesnika. Starija dobna skupina bila je obilježena tumorima jače p53 ekspresije (p=0,036), a neklasični oblici meduloblastoma jačom ekspresijom bcl-2 (p=0,046). Međusobnim uspoređivanjem biljega nađena je pozitivna korelacija između IIB za p53 i IR za bcl-2 (p<0,001). Ekspresija c-myc-a utvrđena je, osim na tumorskim stanicama i na endotelu krvnih žila u 22 uzoraka meduloblastoma. Jači izražaj ovog transkripcijskog faktora bio je udružen s većom gustoćom krvnih žila (p=0,021). ii Uspoređujući ekspresiju p53, broj i gustoću krvnih žila utvrđeno je da tumori s više pozitivnih stanica imaju u prosjeku veći broj (p=0,0435) i veću gustoću krvnih žila (p=0,0528). Isto tako, utvrđena je povezanost, iako bez statističke značajnosti, između IIB za p53 na stanicama meduloblastoma i broja (p=0,0728) te gustoće krvnih žila (p=0,0948) unutar tumora. Zaključak: Istraživanja pokazuju heterogenu ekspresiju apoptotičkih proteina i transkripcijskog faktora c-myc-a na tumorskim stanicama. Veća ekspresija p53 proteina u starijoj dobi bolesnika, veći broj i gustoća krvnih žila kao i veća ekspresija antiapoptotičkog bcl-2 u neklasičnom obliku meduloblastoma mogli bi imati značaj za biološko ponašanje meduloblastoma, odnosno odgovor na terapiju tumora, dok bi pojačana ekspresija c-myc-a na endotelu, koja je udružena s jačom vaskularizacijom, mogla ukazivati na značaj ovog transkripcijskog faktora na progresiju tumora.The aim of the research was to conduct an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of apoptotic markers, bcl-2, bax and p53 and of the transcription factor c-myc in the medulloblastoma tumour cells, and to determine the interdependence of the analysed parameters and their relationship according to the patients' sex and age, histological type of medulloblastoma and the number of blood vessels in the tumours. Materials and methods: Paraffin slices of 39 medulloblastoma samples were stained by streptavidin immunoperoxidasemethod in the automatic immunostainer using the polyclonal (for bax) and monoclonal (for bcl-2, p53 and c-myc) antibodies. The evaluation of the immunohistochemical staining done by establishing the intensity of the staining, i.e. of the immunohistochemical reaction (IR), percentage of reactive cells (PRS) and the final index of the immunohistochemical staining being the sum of the IR and PRS. The number of blood vessels was measured in the 10 visible fields of the most active vascularisation, and the value was expressed as the blood vessel density per mm2. Results. The positive nuclear staining with p53 which was established in 14 samples, cytoplasmatic with bcl-2 in 9 samples, cytoplasmatic and membrane with bax in 39 samples and nuclear and cytoplasmatic with c-myc in 26 samples did not correlate with the patients' sex. The older age group was characterised with the tumours of stronger p53 expression (p=0.036), and the nonclassical forms of the medulloblastoma with stronger expression of the bcl-2 (p=0.046). The markers' comparison proved a positive correlation between the IIB for p53 and IR for bcl-2 (p < 0.001). iv The c-myc expression was found not only in the tumour cells but also in the endothelium of the blood vessels in the 22 medulloblastoma samples. The stronger expression of this transcription factor was associated with the greater density of the blood vessels (p=0.021). The comparison of the p53 expression and the number and density of blood vessels showed that the tumours with more p53 positive cells have, on average, the greater number (p=0.0435) and density of blood vessels (p=0.0528). A connection, of no statistical relevance though, was established between IIB for p53 in the medulloblastoma cells and the number (p=0.0782), and the density of blood vessel in the tumour (p=0.0948). Conclusion: The study has shown a heterogeneous expression of the apoptotic proteins and the transcription factor c-myc in medulloblastoma tumour cells. A greater expression of the proapoptotic p53 protein commonly found in the medulloblastoma of old age group patients, the greater number and density of blood vessels and the greater expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein in a nonclassical form of the medulloblastoma may be relevant for the biological behaviour i.e. for the tumour response to therapy, while the connection between stronger tumour vascularisation and the greater number of p53 positive tumour cells, i.e. stronger expression of the c-myc in the endothelium may indicate the significance of these proteins in the tumour progression

C-myc expression in the microvessels of medulloblastoma [Ekspresija c-myc-a u kapilarama meduloblastoma]

The increased expression of c-myc is related to neoplastic transformation and angiogenesis. Therefore, the assessment of expression of c-myc in endothelial cells and neovascularization could help to determine the biological behavior of the tumor. We analyzed neovascularization and c-myc expression in 36 medulloblastoma specimens. The results were shown by determining immunohistochemical staining index (ISI), the sum of staining intensity (SI) and the percentage of positive cells (PPC) in the blood vessels endothelium of the tumor. We also performed the microvessel count (MVC) in 10 high-power fields (400X) with the most prominent vascularization and expressed it as microvessel density per mm2 (MVD). C-myc immunostaining intensity index in blood vessel endothelium is grouped into four groups, 0--no reaction, I-weak reaction (ISI = 1 or 2), II--moderate reaction (ISI = 3 or 4), III--strong reaction (ISI = 5 or 6). Statistically significant differences (p = 0.0214) have been found between groups 0 and 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. A higher percentage of positive cells has been found in male patients than in female ones (p = 0.0483). C-myc PPC 0 or 1 has on the average smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc PPC 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant. C-myc ISI 0 or 1 has, on the average, smaller density of blood vessels per mm2 than c-myc ISI 2 or 3, but the difference is not statistically significant. We concluded that c-myc staining intensity was associated with higher microvessels density