Gendered Path Dependency: Women’s Representation in 20th-century Brazil

This study investigates women’s under-representation in national legislative elections and the gendered legacies embedded in Brazil’s electoral system and party dynamics. Focusing on the historical period prior to the 1996 implementation of a quota law, this article applies a feminist historical institutionalist approach to identify institutions and actors influencing women’s representation. Brazil’s electoral rules for legislative elections, that is, an open-list proportional representation system, remained surprisingly stable throughout periods of regime change and institutional uncertainty in the 20th century. It was not until the return to democracy and the 1986 constituent election that women were able to carve some space in Brazil’s National Congress. This research argues that the relaxing of rules dictating the creation of political parties and the strengthening of women’s movements in the prior decade were influential in creating a propitious moment for increasing the presence of women in national legislative politics

The election and impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, Brazil\u27s first woman president

In October 2010 Dilma Rousseff broke Brazil highest glass ceiling by becoming the country\u27s first woman president. After her re-election in 2014, her government suffered strong opposition both in Congress and on the streets, culminating in her 2016 impeachment. In this talk, I discuss the role gender played in the election of Dilma Rousseff, how being a woman influenced the nomination of cabinet members and policymaking, and the ways in which her gender affected the 2016 impeachment process. By comparing Dilma Rousseff’s presidency with her predecessor and successor, I elaborate on how Brazilian formal political institutions are gendered in a way that benefits men in the electoral process, how women’s leadership is often undermined by the masculine spaces where policymaking is discussed, and how the Brazilian political system undermines the proposal and implementation of feminist and women-centered policies

Religion and Political Parties in Brazil

An overview of religion and politics in Brazil, including democratisation, party moderation and secularisation, social constituency representation and interest articulation

Gendering Coalitional Presidentialism in Brazil

Coalitional presidentialism is a power-sharing strategy deployed in multiparty presidentialist democracies that entails the distribution of cabinet positions to coalition partners to facilitate governability. This model of governance is increasingly common worldwide, gaining growing scholarly interest. The consequences of coalitional presidentialism for women’s cabinet representation, however, have received scant attention. In this article, we provide a gendered analysis of the Brazilian experience with coalitional presidentialism. Through the quantitative analysis of an original dataset of all ministerial appointments (N = 597) under eight Brazilian presidents (1985–2019) and a descriptive assessment of the coalitional dynamics during that period, we evaluate the Brazilian experience with coalitional presidentialism through the lens of Feminist Institutionalism. We show that coalitional presidentialism restricts women\u27s access to cabinet seats, with the demands of multiparty coalition formation and management often overriding presidential considerations about descriptive representation, and coalition parties rarely advancing women to fill portfolios allocated to them by the president

A tough woman around tender men: Dilma Rousseff, gendered double bind, and misogynistic backlash

Dilma Rousseff\u27s presidency ended in controversial form. The first woman elected to the position in Brazil, Rousseff\u27s 2016 impeachment was seen as a coup by her supporters and as a necessary step for democracy by her detractors. With the Brazilian economy facing its worst recession in history and the Car Wash corruption scandal ravaging the political class, critics continually raised questions about Rousseff\u27s leadership style and abilities. This article analyzes how this criticism in part can be attributed to gendered subjective understandings of preferred leadership traits. Using a thematic analysis of interviews with political actors in five different Brazilian states conducted in 2017 and 2018, we demonstrate that gender stereotypes and sexism fueled criticisms about women\u27s political leadership. While Rousseff\u27s presidency was riddled with problems, the president\u27s leadership style and abilities were scrutinized in distinct gendered ways, indicating a gendered double bind and a backlash against women in politics

Aprender música na Orquestra Geração

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Propriedades de ZrO2 (Y2 O3) reciclado proveniente da confecção de próteses dentárias

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi a recuperação de descartes de ZrO2(Y2O3) oriundos de laboratórios de próteses dentárias, a partir do seu reprocessamento. Os descartes de ZrO2(Y2O3) foram fragmentados, peneirados e calcinados a 900ºC. Pós com tamanho menor que 32μm foram prensados uniaxialmente a 100MPa e sinterizados em temperaturas entre 1400 e 1600ºC-120min. Análise de difração de raios X realizadas nos materiais calcinados indicaram a presença majoritária da fase ZrO2 tetragonal. Os compactos apresentaram densidade a verde próximo a 47% e as amostras sinterizadas tiveram sua densidade relativa variando entre 83,5% e 95%, para temperaturas de sinterização de 1400 e 1600ºC, respectivamente. Os resultados da análise de difração de raios X indicaram a presença da fase ZrO2 tetragonal, com dureza Vickers e tenacidade máxima obtidos para as amostras sinterizadas a 1600ºC, da ordem de 1100 HV e 5,7 MPa.m1/2 respectivamente