The WTO Decision on Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health: A Solution to the Access to Essential Medicines Problem?

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of International Economic Law following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version [DOI: 10.1093/jiel17.1.73] is available online at: http://jiel.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/73.full.pd

Counterfeiting and Public Health

*** This material is copyrighted and any download is for personal use only *** The original article is published in Criminal Enforcement of Intellectual Property: A Handbook of Contemporary Research edited by Christophe Geiger © 2012 Edward Elgar

The Doha Declaration Ten Years on and Its Impact on Access to Medicines and the Right to Health

Access to medicines is a human right, enshrined in legally binding international human rights treaties, select regional agreements and numerous national constitutions. The realization of access to medicines, including antiretroviral treatment, as part of the human right to health depends heavily on the legal framework for the production and distribution of medicines, including intellectual property rights. The adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) within the framework of the World Trade Organization (WTO) changed dramatically the international landscape with regard to intellectual property, particularly in relation to access to medicines. Although one of the stated goals of the TRI PS Agreement was “to reduce tensions arising from intellectual property protection”, the possible conflict between such protection and essential public health objectives, particularly access to medicines, moved developing-country WTO Member States to request the Council for TRIPS to specifically consider the relationship between the TRI PS Agreement and public health in general, and access to medicines more specifically. After negotiations, in 2001 the 4th WTO Ministerial Conference adopted the Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health. This Discussion Paper briefly describes the content of the Doha Declaration and examines its implications for the realization of the right to health. The Paper discusses a number of repercussions of the Doha Declaration with regard to the international discourse on the right to health and access to medicines, and its implications within the WTO system and for national legislation. It presents some examples of use of the flexibilities confirmed by the Doha Declaration, and discusses the issue of compulsory licences with regard to patents relating to products for non-communicable diseases. Finally, a number of conclusions and recommendations are presented

Using exploratory factor analysis in information system (IS) research

This paper is part of a field study that explored the impact of Information System implementation on Organisational Performance by examining the concept of IS effectiveness and by exploring how businesses arrive at the conclusion that the undertaking is successful or unsuccessful. Many statistical techniques have been used for the inference of conclusions. This paper will explain in brief the methodology followed and the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) conducted for the measurement of the construct if IS effectiveness. Following all tests on correlations and a number of extraction methods the final solution comprised 13 factors representing the independent variables and 4 factors representing the dependent variables. The results from our analysis provide insight into the IS evaluation field of research and provide new scales for the measurement of IS effectiveness

The asymptotics of the moving contact line: cracking an old nut

This article has been published in a revised form in Journal of Fluid Mechanics https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.702. This version is free to view and download for private research and study only. Not for re-distribution, re-sale or use in derivative works. © Cambridge University Press.For contact line motion where the full Stokes flow equations hold, full matched asymptotic solutions using slip models have been obtained for droplet spreading and more general geometries. These solutions to the singular perturbation problem in the slip length, however, all involve matching through an intermediate region that is taken to be separate from the outer-inner regions. Here, we show that the intermediate region is in fact an overlap region representing extensions of both the outer and the inner region, allowing direct matching to proceed. In particular, we investigate in detail how a previously seen result of the matching of the cubes of the free surface slope is justified in the lubrication setting. We also extend this two-region direct matching to the more general Stokes flow case, offering a new perspective on the asymptotics of the moving contact line problem

ORK1, a potassium-selective leak channel with two pore domains cloned from Drosophila melanogaster by expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

A K+ channel gene has been cloned from Drosophila melanogaster by complementation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells defective for K+ uptake. Naturally expressed in the neuromuscular tissues of adult flies, this gene confers K+ transport capacity on yeast cells when heterologously expressed. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, expression yields an ungated K(+)-selective current whose attributes resemble the "leak" conductance thought to mediate the resting potential of vertebrate myelinated neurons but whose molecular nature has long remained elusive. The predicted protein has two pore (P) domains and four membrane-spanning helices and is a member of a newly recognized K+ channel family. Expression of the channel in flies and yeast cells makes feasible studies of structure and in vivo function using genetic approaches that are not possible in higher animals