15 research outputs found
Characterizations of Decomposable Dependency Models
Decomposable dependency models possess a number of interesting and useful
properties. This paper presents new characterizations of decomposable models in
terms of independence relationships, which are obtained by adding a single
axiom to the well-known set characterizing dependency models that are
isomorphic to undirected graphs. We also briefly discuss a potential
application of our results to the problem of learning graphical models from
data.Comment: See http://www.jair.org/ for any accompanying file
Use of a hypoxic lung as a deoxygenator to provide extended assessment of pulmonary function in rats
Gender-based differences in substrate use during exercise at a self-selected pace
The aim of this study was to investigate gender-based
differences in substrate use during exercise at a self-selected
pace. Seventeen men and 17 women performed a maximal
exercise test and a 20-minute bout of self-paced treadmill
walking to determine carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates. Gas
exchange measurements were performed throughout the tests,
and stoichiometric equations were used to calculate substrate
oxidation rates. For each individual, a best-fit polynomial curve
was constructed using fat oxidation rate (gmin21) vs. exercise
intensity (percentage of maximal oxygen uptake, % _ VO2max).
Each individual curve was used to obtain the following
variables: maximal fat oxidation (MFO), the peak rate of fat
oxidation measured over the entire range of exercise intensities;
fatmax, the exercise intensity at which the MFO was observed;
and fatmax zone, range of exercise intensities with fat oxidation
rates within 10% of fat oxidation rates at fatmax. Although the
MFO was similar between genders, fatmax was lower in men
than in women. Similarly, the ‘‘low’’ and ‘‘high’’ borders of the
fatmax zone were lower in men than in women. During exercise at
a self-selected pace, carbohydrate oxidation rates were greater
in men than in women, despite no gender-based differences in
fat oxidation rates. However, fat oxidation contribution to total
energy expenditure (EE) was greater in women than in men,
despite no gender-based differences in the exercise intensity. In
conclusion, although both genders self-selected a similar
exercise intensity, the contribution of fat oxidation to EE is
greater in women than in men. Interestingly, both genders selfselected
an exercise intensity that falls within the fatmax zone
Scientific novelty beyond the experiment
Abstract Practical experiments drive important scientific discoveries in biology, but theory‐based research studies also contribute novel—sometimes paradigm‐changing—findings. Here, we appraise the roles of theory‐based approaches focusing on the experiment‐dominated wet‐biology research areas of microbial growth and survival, cell physiology, host–pathogen interactions, and competitive or symbiotic interactions. Additional examples relate to analyses of genome‐sequence data, climate change and planetary health, habitability, and astrobiology. We assess the importance of thought at each step of the research process; the roles of natural philosophy, and inconsistencies in logic and language, as drivers of scientific progress; the value of thought experiments; the use and limitations of artificial intelligence technologies, including their potential for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research; and other instances when theory is the most‐direct and most‐scientifically robust route to scientific novelty including the development of techniques for practical experimentation or fieldwork. We highlight the intrinsic need for human engagement in scientific innovation, an issue pertinent to the ongoing controversy over papers authored using/authored by artificial intelligence (such as the large language model/chatbot ChatGPT). Other issues discussed are the way in which aspects of language can bias thinking towards the spatial rather than the temporal (and how this biased thinking can lead to skewed scientific terminology); receptivity to research that is non‐mainstream; and the importance of theory‐based science in education and epistemology. Whereas we briefly highlight classic works (those by Oakes Ames, Francis H.C. Crick and James D. Watson, Charles R. Darwin, Albert Einstein, James E. Lovelock, Lynn Margulis, Gilbert Ryle, Erwin R.J.A. Schrödinger, Alan M. Turing, and others), the focus is on microbiology studies that are more‐recent, discussing these in the context of the scientific process and the types of scientific novelty that they represent. These include several studies carried out during the 2020 to 2022 lockdowns of the COVID‐19 pandemic when access to research laboratories was disallowed (or limited). We interviewed the authors of some of the featured microbiology‐related papers and—although we ourselves are involved in laboratory experiments and practical fieldwork—also drew from our own research experiences showing that such studies can not only produce new scientific findings but can also transcend barriers between disciplines, act counter to scientific reductionism, integrate biological data across different timescales and levels of complexity, and circumvent constraints imposed by practical techniques. In relation to urgent research needs, we believe that climate change and other global challenges may require approaches beyond the experiment