35 research outputs found
Molecule mapping of HR8799b using OSIRIS on Keck: Strong detection of water and carbon monoxide, but no methane
Context. In 2015, Barman et al. (ApJ, 804, 61) presented detections of
absorption from water, carbon monoxide, and methane in the atmosphere of the
directly imaged exoplanet HR8799b using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) with
OSIRIS on the Keck II telescope. We recently devised a new method to analyse
IFU data, called molecule mapping, searching for high-frequency signatures of
particular molecules in an IFU data cube.
Aims. The aim of this paper is to use the molecule mapping technique to
search for the previously detected spectral signatures in HR8799b using the
same data, allowing a comparison of molecule mapping with previous methods.
Methods. The medium-resolution H- and K-band pipeline-reduced archival data
were retrieved from the Keck archive facility. Telluric and stellar lines were
removed from each spectrum in the data cube, after which the residuals were
cross-correlated with model spectra of carbon monoxide, water, and methane.
Results. Both carbon monoxide and water are clearly detected at high
signal-to-noise, however, methane is not retrieved.
Conclusions. Molecule mapping works very well on the OSIRIS data of exoplanet
HR8799b. However, it is not evident why methane is detected in the original
analysis, but not with the molecule mapping technique. Possible causes could be
the presence of telluric residuals, different spectral filtering techniques, or
the use of different methane models. We do note that in the original analysis
methane was only detected in the K-band, while the H-band methane signal could
be expected to be comparably strong. More sensitive observations with the JWST
will be capable of confirming or disproving the presence of methane in this
planet at high confidence.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures and 2 tables, accepted by A&
New constraints on the HR 8799 planetary system from mid-infrared direct imaging
Direct imaging is a tried and tested method of detecting exoplanets in the near-infrared (IR), but has so far not been extended to longer wavelengths. New data at mid-IR wavelengths (8-20 μm) can provide additional constraints on planetary atmospheric models. We use the VLT Imager and Spectrometer for the mid-IR (VISIR) instrument on the VLT to detect or set stringent limits on the 8.7 μm flux of the four planets surrounding HR 8799, and to search for additional companions. We use a novel circularized point spread function subtraction technique to reduce the stellar signal and obtain instrument limited background levels and obtain optimal flux limits. The BT SETTL isochrones are then used to determine the resulting mass limits. We find flux limits between 0.7 and 3.3 mJy for the J8.9 flux of the different planets at better than 5σ level and derive a new mass limit of 30 MJup for any objects beyond 40 au. While this work has not detected planets in the HR 8799 system at 8.7 μm, it has found that an instrument with the sensitivity of VISIR is sufficient to detect at least four known hot planets around close stars, including β Pictoris b (1700 K, 19 pc), with more than 5σ certainty in 10 h of observing time in the mid-IR
High contrast imaging at ten microns, a search for exoplanets around: Eps Indi A, Eps Eri, Tau Ceti, Sirius A and Sirius B
© ESO 2021. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140529The direct imaging of rocky exoplanets is one of the major science goals for upcoming large telescopes. The contrast requirement for imaging such planets is challenging. However, the mid-IR (InfraRed) regime provides the optimum contrast to directly detect the thermal signatures of exoplanets in our solar neighbourhood. We aim to exploit novel fast chopping techniques newly developed for astronomy with the aid of adaptive optics to look for thermal signatures of exoplanets around bright stars in the solar neighbourhood. We use the upgraded VISIR (Very Large Telescope Imager and Spectrometer for the mid-InfraRed) instrument with high contrast imaging (HCI) capability optimized for observations at 10~m to look for exoplanets around five nearby ( <4 pc) stars. The instrument provides an improved signal-to-noise (S/N) by a factor of 4 in the N-band compared to standard VISIR for a given S/N and time. In this work we achieve a detection sensitivity of sub-mJy, which is sufficient to detect few Jupiter mass planets in nearby systems. Although no detections are made we achieve most sensitive limits within $Peer reviewe
Spatially resolving polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Herbig Ae disks with VISIR-NEAR at the VLT
We use the long-slit spectroscopy mode of the VISIR-NEAR experiment to
perform diffraction-limited observations of eight nearby Herbig Ae
protoplanetary disks. We extract spectra for various locations along the slit
with a spectral resolution of R = 300 and perform a compositional fit at each
spatial location using spectral templates of silicates and the four PAH bands.
This yields the intensity vs. location profiles of each species. Results. We
could obtain spatially-resolved intensity profiles of the PAH emission features
in the N-band for five objects (AB Aurigae, HD 97048, HD 100546, HD 163296, and
HD 169142). We observe two kinds of PAH emission geometry in our sample:
centrally-peaked (HD 97048) and ring-like (AB Aurigae, HD 100546, HD 163296,
and potentially HD 169142). Comparing the spatial PAH emission profiles with
near-infrared scattered light images, we find a strong correlation in the disk
sub-structure but a difference in radial intensity decay rate. The PAH emission
shows a less steep decline with distance from the star. Finally, we find a
correlation between the presence of (sub-) micron-sized silicate grains leading
to the depletion of PAH emission within the inner regions of the disks. In this
work, we find the following: (1) PAH emission traces the extent of Herbig Ae
disks to a considerable radial distance. (2) The correlation between silicate
emission within the inner regions of disks and the depletion of PAH emission
can result from dust-mixing and PAH coagulation mechanisms and competition over
UV photons. (3) For all objects in our sample, PAHs undergo stochastic heating
across the entire spatial extent of the disk and are not saturated. (4) The
difference in radial intensity decay rates between the PAHs and scattered-light
profiles may be attributed to shadowing and dust-settling effects, which affect
the scattering grains more than the PAHs
Detection of Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere of WASP-39b Applying Standard Cross-Correlation Techniques to JWST NIRSpec G395H Data
Carbon monoxide was recently reported in the atmosphere of the hot Jupiter
WASP-39b using the NIRSpec PRISM transit observation of this planet, collected
as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science (JTEC
ERS) Program. This detection, however, could not be confidently confirmed in
the initial analysis of the higher resolution observations with NIRSpec G395H
disperser. Here we confirm the detection of CO in the atmosphere of WASP-39b
using the NIRSpec G395H data and cross-correlation techniques. We do this by
searching for the CO signal in the unbinned transmission spectrum of the planet
between 4.6 and 5.0 m, where the contribution of CO is expected to be
higher than that of other anticipated molecules in the planet's atmosphere. Our
search results in a detection of CO with a cross-correlation function (CCF)
significance of when using a template with only lines. The CCF significance of the CO signal increases to when including in the template lines from additional CO isotopologues,
with the largest contribution being from . Our results
highlight how cross-correlation techniques can be a powerful tool for unveiling
the chemical composition of exoplanetary atmospheres from medium-resolution
transmission spectra, including the detection of isotopologues.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter
Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM
Transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water
vapor, aerosols, and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres.
However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes
were hindered by the observations' relatively narrow wavelength range and
spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of
other chemical speciesin particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules.
Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5-5.5 m atmospheric transmission
spectrum of WASP-39 b, a 1200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet,
measured with JWST NIRSpec's PRISM mode as part of the JWST Transiting
Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team program. We robustly detect
multiple chemical species at high significance, including Na (19),
HO (33), CO (28), and CO (7). The non-detection
of CH, combined with a strong CO feature, favours atmospheric models
with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature
at 4m is best explained by SO (2.7), which could be a tracer
of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST's
sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical
processes.Comment: 41 pages, 4 main figures, 10 extended data figures, 4 tables. Under
review in Natur
Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. In the context of exoplanets, CO2 is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called 'metallicity')1-3, and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas giants4-6. It is also one of the most promising species to detect in the secondary atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets7-9. Previous photometric measurements of transiting planets with the Spitzer Space Telescope have given hints of the presence of CO2, but have not yielded definitive detections owing to the lack of unambiguous spectroscopic identification10-12. Here we present the detection of CO2 in the atmosphere of the gas giant exoplanet WASP-39b from transmission spectroscopy observations obtained with JWST as part of the Early Release Science programme13,14. The data used in this study span 3.0-5.5 micrometres in wavelength and show a prominent CO2 absorption feature at 4.3 micrometres (26-sigma significance). The overall spectrum is well matched by one-dimensional, ten-times solar metallicity models that assume radiative-convective-thermochemical equilibrium and have moderate cloud opacity. These models predict that the atmosphere should have water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in addition to CO2, but little methane. Furthermore, we also tentatively detect a small absorption feature near 4.0 micrometres that is not reproduced by these models
Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key chemical species that is found in a wide range of planetary atmospheres. In the context of exoplanets, CO2 is an indicator of the metal enrichment (that is, elements heavier than helium, also called ‘metallicity’)1–3, and thus the formation processes of the primary atmospheres of hot gas giants4–6. It is also one of the most promising species to detect in the secondary atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets7–9. Previous photometric measurements of transiting planets with the Spitzer Space Telescope have given hints of the presence of CO2, but have not yielded definitive detections owing to the lack of unambiguous spectroscopic identification10–12. Here we present the detection of CO2 in the atmosphere of the gas giant exoplanet WASP-39b from transmission spectroscopy observations obtained with JWST as part of the Early Release Science programme13,14. The data used in this study span 3.0–5.5 micrometres in wavelength and show a prominent CO2 absorption feature at 4.3 micrometres (26-sigma significance). The overall spectrum is well matched by one-dimensional, ten-times solar metallicity models that assume radiative–convective–thermochemical equilibrium and have moderate cloud opacity. These models predict that the atmosphere should have water, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in addition to CO2, but little methane. Furthermore, we also tentatively detect a small absorption feature near 4.0 micrometres that is not reproduced by these models
Early Release Science of the Exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec G395H
Measuring the abundances of carbon and oxygen in exoplanet atmospheres is
considered a crucial avenue for unlocking the formation and evolution of
exoplanetary systems. Access to an exoplanet's chemical inventory requires
high-precision observations, often inferred from individual molecular
detections with low-resolution space-based and high-resolution ground-based
facilities. Here we report the medium-resolution (R600) transmission
spectrum of an exoplanet atmosphere between 3-5 m covering multiple
absorption features for the Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b, obtained with JWST
NIRSpec G395H. Our observations achieve 1.46x photon precision, providing an
average transit depth uncertainty of 221 ppm per spectroscopic bin, and present
minimal impacts from systematic effects. We detect significant absorption from
CO (28.5) and HO (21.5), and identify SO as the
source of absorption at 4.1 m (4.8). Best-fit atmospheric models
range between 3 and 10x solar metallicity, with sub-solar to solar C/O ratios.
These results, including the detection of SO, underscore the importance of
characterising the chemistry in exoplanet atmospheres, and showcase NIRSpec
G395H as an excellent mode for time series observations over this critical
wavelength range.Comment: 44 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. Resubmitted after revision to Natur
Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRCam
Measuring the metallicity and carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio in exoplanet
atmospheres is a fundamental step towards constraining the dominant chemical
processes at work and, if in equilibrium, revealing planet formation histories.
Transmission spectroscopy provides the necessary means by constraining the
abundances of oxygen- and carbon-bearing species; however, this requires broad
wavelength coverage, moderate spectral resolution, and high precision that,
together, are not achievable with previous observatories. Now that JWST has
commenced science operations, we are able to observe exoplanets at previously
uncharted wavelengths and spectral resolutions. Here we report time-series
observations of the transiting exoplanet WASP-39b using JWST's Near InfraRed
Camera (NIRCam). The long-wavelength spectroscopic and short-wavelength
photometric light curves span 2.0 - 4.0 m, exhibit minimal systematics,
and reveal well-defined molecular absorption features in the planet's spectrum.
Specifically, we detect gaseous HO in the atmosphere and place an upper
limit on the abundance of CH. The otherwise prominent CO feature at 2.8
m is largely masked by HO. The best-fit chemical equilibrium models
favour an atmospheric metallicity of 1-100 solar (i.e., an enrichment
of elements heavier than helium relative to the Sun) and a sub-stellar
carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio. The inferred high metallicity and low C/O ratio
may indicate significant accretion of solid materials during planet formation
or disequilibrium processes in the upper atmosphere.Comment: 35 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables, Nature, accepte