2 research outputs found

    Habitação e saúde: eficiência energética, urbanismo sustentável e agenda 2030. Conclusões e futuro

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    The 2011 Spanish Public Health Act, WHO and scientific evidence have all confirmed the impact of the home on health. Housing is not only a right—according to the Spanish Constitution and the UN—but is directly related to suitable development, i.e. development that twins the environment with economic growth and equitably improves the quality of life and social welfare of its occupants. On the other hand, housing has, together with buildings, a high energy impact: both generate polluting emissions that contribute to climate change. Energy efficiency and the “smart city” concept must help to bring down energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission levels. These goals are envisaged in the Paris Agreement and the Spanish Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC), Fair Transition Strategy and Urban Agenda and are at the heart of the transformation of the economy.Spanish legislation (CTE and RITE), basic requirements and technical standards (UNE, ISO) on health protection, indoor environmental quality, and housing and building maintenance, inspection and control are described herein. In addition, conclusions are reached and recommendations made about health protection, the need to improve inspections and to control regulations, sustainable urban planning, energy efficiency, and the achievement of healthier, friendlier, smarter, more welcoming and more equitable cities.La Ley de Salud Pública de 2011, la OMS y las evidencias científicas disponibles confirman el impacto que tiene la vivienda en la salud. La vivienda no solo es un derecho de acuerdo con la Constitución Española y las Naciones Unidas, sino que está directamente relacionada con el desarrollo sostenible, es decir, aquel que integra el medio ambiente con el crecimiento económico y mejora la calidad de vida y el bienestar social de sus habitantes de forma equitativa. También plantea, junto con los edificios, un elevado impacto energético y ambos generan emisiones contaminantes que contribuyen al cambio climático. La eficiencia energética y el concepto de “ciudad inteligente” deben contribuir a reducir el consumo de energía y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, objetivos que están presentes en el PNIEC, en el Acuerdo de París, en la transformación de la economía, en la Estrategia de Transición Justa y en la Agenda Urbana española.Se describe la legislación (CTE y RITE), las exigencias básicas y las normas técnicas (UNE, ISO) sobre protección de la salud, calidad ambiental interior, mantenimiento, inspección y control de la vivienda y los edificios, y se formulan unas conclusiones y recomendaciones para la protección de la salud, la necesidad de mejora de la inspección y control de la normativa, el urbanismo sostenible, la eficiencia energética y la consecución de ciudades más saludables, amables, inteligentes, acogedoras y equitativas.A Lei de Saúde Pública de 2011, a OMS e as evidências científicas disponíveis confirmam o impacto da habitação na saúde. A habitação não é apenas um direito segundo a Constituição Espanhola e as Nações Unidas, mas está directamente relacionada com o desenvolvimento sustentável, ou seja, aquele que integra o meio ambiente com o crescimento económico e melhora a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar dos seus habitantes de forma equitativa. Também apresenta, junto com os edifícios, um alto impacto energético e ambos geram emissões poluentes que contribuem para as mudanças climáticas. A eficiência energética e o conceito de “cidade inteligente” devem contribuir para a redução do consumo de energia e das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa, objectivos que estão presentes no PNIEC, no Acordo de Paris, na transformação da economia, na Estratégia de Transição Justa e na Agenda Urbana espanhola.Descreve-se a legislação (CTE e RITE), os requisitos básicos e as normas técnicas (UNE, ISO) sobre a protecção da saúde, qualidade do ambiente interior, manutenção, inspecção e controlo de habitações e edifícios e; formulam-se conclusões e recomendações para a protecção de saúde: a necessidade de melhorar a fiscalização e o controlo dos normativos, o planeamento urbano sustentável, a eficiência energética e a conquista de cidades mais saudáveis, amigáveis, inteligentes, acolhedoras e equitativas

    Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

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    The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality
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