2 research outputs found
HabitaçaÌo e sauÌde: eficieÌncia energeÌtica, urbanismo sustentaÌvel e agenda 2030. ConclusoÌes e futuro
The 2011 Spanish Public Health Act, WHO and scientific evidence have all confirmed the impact of the home on health. Housing is not only a rightâaccording to the Spanish Constitution and the UNâbut is directly related to suitable development, i.e. development that twins the environment with economic growth and equitably improves the quality of life and social welfare of its occupants. On the other hand, housing has, together with buildings, a high energy impact: both generate polluting emissions that contribute to climate change. Energy efficiency and the âsmart cityâ concept must help to bring down energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission levels. These goals are envisaged in the Paris Agreement and the Spanish Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC), Fair Transition Strategy and Urban Agenda and are at the heart of the transformation of the economy.Spanish legislation (CTE and RITE), basic requirements and technical standards (UNE, ISO) on health protection, indoor environmental quality, and housing and building maintenance, inspection and control are described herein. In addition, conclusions are reached and recommendations made about health protection, the need to improve inspections and to control regulations, sustainable urban planning, energy efficiency, and the achievement of healthier, friendlier, smarter, more welcoming and more equitable cities.La Ley de Salud PuÌblica de 2011, la OMS y las evidencias cientiÌficas disponibles confirman el impacto que tiene la vivienda en la salud. La vivienda no solo es un derecho de acuerdo con la ConstitucioÌn EspanÌola y las Naciones Unidas, sino que estaÌ directamente relacionada con el desarrollo sostenible, es decir, aquel que integra el medio ambiente con el crecimiento econoÌmico y mejora la calidad de vida y el bienestar social de sus habitantes de forma equitativa. TambieÌn plantea, junto con los edificios, un elevado impacto energeÌtico y ambos generan emisiones contaminantes que contribuyen al cambio climaÌtico. La eficiencia energeÌtica y el concepto de âciudad inteligenteâ deben contribuir a reducir el consumo de energiÌa y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, objetivos que estaÌn presentes en el PNIEC, en el Acuerdo de PariÌs, en la transformacioÌn de la economiÌa, en la Estrategia de TransicioÌn Justa y en la Agenda Urbana espanÌola.Se describe la legislacioÌn (CTE y RITE), las exigencias baÌsicas y las normas teÌcnicas (UNE, ISO) sobre proteccioÌn de la salud, calidad ambiental interior, mantenimiento, inspeccioÌn y control de la vivienda y los edificios, y se formulan unas conclusiones y recomendaciones para la proteccioÌn de la salud, la necesidad de mejora de la inspeccioÌn y control de la normativa, el urbanismo sostenible, la eficiencia energeÌtica y la consecucioÌn de ciudades maÌs saludables, amables, inteligentes, acogedoras y equitativas.A Lei de SauÌde PuÌblica de 2011, a OMS e as evideÌncias cientiÌficas disponiÌveis confirmam o impacto da habitaçaÌo na sauÌde. A habitaçaÌo naÌo eÌ apenas um direito segundo a ConstituiçaÌo Espanhola e as NaçoÌes Unidas, mas estaÌ directamente relacionada com o desenvolvimento sustentaÌvel, ou seja, aquele que integra o meio ambiente com o crescimento econoÌmico e melhora a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar dos seus habitantes de forma equitativa. TambeÌm apresenta, junto com os edifiÌcios, um alto impacto energeÌtico e ambos geram emissoÌes poluentes que contribuem para as mudanças climaÌticas. A eficieÌncia energeÌtica e o conceito de âcidade inteligenteâ devem contribuir para a reduçaÌo do consumo de energia e das emissoÌes de gases com efeito de estufa, objectivos que estaÌo presentes no PNIEC, no Acordo de Paris, na transformaçaÌo da economia, na EstrateÌgia de TransiçaÌo Justa e na Agenda Urbana espanhola.Descreve-se a legislaçaÌo (CTE e RITE), os requisitos baÌsicos e as normas teÌcnicas (UNE, ISO) sobre a protecçaÌo da sauÌde, qualidade do ambiente interior, manutençaÌo, inspecçaÌo e controlo de habitaçoÌes e edifiÌcios e; formulam-se conclusoÌes e recomendaçoÌes para a protecçaÌo de sauÌde: a necessidade de melhorar a fiscalizaçaÌo e o controlo dos normativos, o planeamento urbano sustentaÌvel, a eficieÌncia energeÌtica e a conquista de cidades mais saudaÌveis, amigaÌveis, inteligentes, acolhedoras e equitativas
Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality