Efeitos do uso prolongado de benzodiazepínicos no surgimento da Doença de Alzheimer

Este trabalho investiga a relação entre o uso prolongado de benzodiazepínicos e a doença de Alzheimer, uma das formas mais prevalentes de demência na população idosa. Revisando a literatura atual, foram explorados os potenciais impactos cognitivos desses medicamentos, destacando-se os riscos associados, como alterações neuroquímicas, disfunções cognitivas e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com Alzheimer. A análise abordou evidências epidemiológicas variadas sobre essa associação complexa, enfatizando a necessidade de mais pesquisas para compreender melhor fatores como dose, duração do uso e características individuais que podem modular esses riscos. Além disso, discutiu-se a importância de alternativas terapêuticas seguras, medidas preventivas e educação para pacientes e profissionais de saúde.&nbsp

Retrato quinquenal da morbidade hospitalar por esquizofrenia, transtornos esquizotípicos e delirantes em território brasileiro

Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder of multifactorial origin, affecting work, intellectual functions, interpersonal relationships and self-care. Symptoms are divided into four domains: positive, negative, affective and cognitive, varying between individuals. With a worldwide prevalence of 1% and an incidence of 1.5 per 10,000 people, it is one of the main causes of disability in young people and adults. The objective of this work is to define and evaluate the epidemiological profile of hospital admissions for schizophrenia and related disorders in Brazil. This work is quantitative and retrospective, using data from SIH/SUS from DATASUS. Hospitalizations for schizophrenia and related disorders in Brazil between 2018 and 2023 were analyzed. The variables considered were: region, type of care, age group, sex and color/race. Between 2018 and 2023, there were 415,156 hospitalizations for schizophrenia and related disorders in Brazil. Of these, 88.36% were emergencies and 11.63% were elective. The majority of patients were between 20 and 49 years old (68.88%). Men represented 61.30% of hospitalizations. In terms of color/race, 37.17% declared themselves mixed race and 33.44% white. Thus, the highest frequency of hospitalizations was among male individuals, mixed race, aged between 30 and 39 years old, residing in the Southeast region and treated urgently.A esquizofrenia é um distúrbio neuropsiquiátrico complexo de origem multifatorial, afetando funções laborais, intelectuais, relações interpessoais e autocuidado. Os sintomas se dividem em quatro domínios: positivos, negativos, afetivos e cognitivos, variando entre indivíduos. Com prevalência mundial de 1% e incidência de 1,5 por 10.000 pessoas, é uma das principais causas de incapacidade em jovens e adultos. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir e avaliar o perfil epidemiológico das internações hospitalares por esquizofrenia e transtornos relacionados no Brasil. Este trabalho é quantitativo e retrospectivo, utilizando dados do SIH/SUS do DATASUS. Foram analisadas internações por esquizofrenia e transtornos relacionados no Brasil entre 2018 e 2023. As variáveis consideradas foram: região, tipo de atendimento, faixa etária, sexo e cor/raça. Entre 2018 e 2023, houve 415.156 internações por esquizofrenia e transtornos relacionados ao Brasil. Destas, 88,36% foram urgências e 11,63% eletivas. A maioria dos pacientes tinha entre 20 e 49 anos (68,88%). Os homens representaram 61,30% das internações. Em termos de cor/raça, 37,17% se declararam pardos e 33,44% brancos. Assim, a maior frequência de internações foi entre indivíduos do sexo masculino, de cor parda, com idade entre 30 e 39 anos, residentes na região Sudeste e atendidos em caráter de urgência

USO DE BENZODIAZEPÍNICOS EM EMERGÊNCIAS PSIQUIÁTRICAS: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DAS EVIDÊNCIAS

This article presents an integrative review on the use of benzodiazepines in psychiatric emergencies, aiming to compile and analyze the available evidence regarding their efficacy, safety, and clinical implications. Studies published between 2014 and 2024 were included, selected from PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO databases using keywords such as “benzodiazepines,” “psychiatric emergencies,” and “treatment.” Data analysis revealed that benzodiazepines are effective in the rapid stabilization of acute symptoms, such as psychomotor agitation and severe anxiety crises. However, prolonged use is associated with significant risks, including dependence, tolerance, and adverse effects, particularly in vulnerable populations like the elderly. Comparisons with other pharmacological interventions suggest that second-generation antipsychotics may be viable alternatives with a potentially more favorable adverse effect profile. The review also highlighted the importance of non-pharmacological interventions, such as nursing care, which can complement pharmacological treatment. It concludes that while benzodiazepines are a valuable tool in psychiatric emergencies, it is crucial to follow stringent clinical guidelines and personalize treatment to maximize benefits and minimize risks.Este artigo apresenta uma revisão integrativa sobre o uso de benzodiazepínicos em emergências psiquiátricas, com o objetivo de compilar e analisar as evidências disponíveis acerca de sua eficácia, segurança e implicações clínicas. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre 2014 e 2024, selecionados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e SciELO, utilizando palavras-chave como “benzodiazepínicos”, “emergências psiquiátricas” e “tratamento”. A análise dos dados revelou que os benzodiazepínicos são eficazes na estabilização rápida de sintomas agudos, como agitação psicomotora e crises de ansiedade severa. No entanto, o uso prolongado está associado a riscos significativos, incluindo dependência, tolerância e efeitos adversos, especialmente em populações vulneráveis como idosos. Comparações com outras intervenções farmacológicas sugerem que antipsicóticos de segunda geração podem ser alternativas viáveis, com um perfil de efeitos adversos potencialmente mais favorável. A revisão também destacou a importância das intervenções não farmacológicas, como a assistência de enfermagem, que podem complementar o tratamento farmacológico. Conclui-se que, embora os benzodiazepínicos sejam uma ferramenta valiosa em emergências psiquiátricas, é crucial seguir diretrizes clínicas rigorosas e personalizar o tratamento para maximizar os benefícios e minimizar os riscos. &nbsp

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora