Indigofera Suffruticosa Mill As New Source Of Healing Agent: Involvement Of Prostaglandin And Mucus And Heat Shock Proteins

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Indigofera suffruticosa is specie typical of the "Cerrado" or Brazilian savannah; it is a member of the Fabaceae family - in folkmedicine is used for gastric disorders, infection and inflammation. Aim of the study: Ethyl acetate fraction (AcF) and aqueous fraction (AqF) of the methanolic extract of I. suffruticosa leaves were evaluated against acute gastric ulcer. The AcF fraction was selected to assess its activity in ulcer healing and its gastroprotective effects via mucus and gastric secretion. Materials and methods: The gastroprotective action of AcF and AqF fractions were evaluated in a rodent experimental model. The action mechanisms, involvements of the antisecretory action, mucus and prostaglandin production, toxicological and healing activity of the AcF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated. We also used histological analysis (HE and PAS) and immunohistochemical (PCNA and HSP-70) assays to evaluate the effects of I. suffruticosa. Results: AcF significantly inhibited the gastric mucosal damage caused by ethanol. This effect was statistically significant in 100 mg/kg group compared vehicle. AcF did not interfered with gastric secretion, significantly increased the PGE 2 and mucus production (validated in PAS technique). The gastroprotection was attenuated by pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide, but not L-NAME. In acid-acetic-induced ulcer model AcF accelerated ulcer healing. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed induction of proliferating cell (PCNA) and heat shock protein (HSP 70). Conclusions: These results showed that AcF acted as gastroprotective agent stimulating prostaglandin, mucus and HSP70. © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved.1371192198Arrieta, J., Benitez, J., Flores, E., Castillo, C., Navarrete, A., Purification of Gastroprotective Triterpenoids from the Stem Bark of Amphipterygium adstringensRole of Prostaglandins, Sulfhydryls, Nitric Oxide and Capsaicin-Sensitive Neurons (2003) Planta Medica, 69 (10), pp. 905-909. , DOI 10.1055/s-2003-45098Behmer, O.A., Tolosa, E.M.C., Freitas Neto, A.G., (1976) Manual de Técnicas Para Histologia Normal e Patológica, pp. 80-195. , Editora da USP, São Paulo, SP, BrazilCalvo, T.R., Cardoso, C.R., Da Silva Moura, A.C., Dos Santos, L.C., Colus, I.M., Vilegas, W., Varanda, E.A., Mutagenic activity of Indigofera truxillensis and I. suffruticosa aerial parts (2009) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 20, pp. 1-8Cola-Miranda, M., Barbastefano, V., Hiruma-Lima, C.A., Calvo, T.R., Vilegas, W., Souza Brito, A.R.M., Antiulcerogenic activity of Indigofera truxillensis Kunth (2006) Biota Neotropica, 6, pp. 1-9Curtis, G.H., MacNaughton, W.K., Gall, D.G., Wallace, J.L., Intraluminal pH modulates gastric prostaglandin synthesis (1995) Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 73, pp. 130-134De Sousa Falcão, H., Leite, J.A., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., De Athayde-Filho, P.F., De Oliveira Chaves, M.C., Moura, M.D., Ferreira, A.L., Batista, L.M., Gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity of alkaloids: A review (2008) Molecules, 13, pp. 3198-3223Farias-Silva, E., Cola, M., Calvo, T.R., Barbastefano, V., Ferreira, A.L., Michelatto, D.D.P., De Almeida, A.C.A., Souza Brito, A.R.M., Antioxidant activity of indigo and its preventive effect against ethanol-induced DNA damage in rat gastric mucosa (2007) Planta Medica, 73 (12), pp. 1241-1246. , DOI 10.1055/s-2007-981613Grant, C.M., Role of the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems in yeast growth and response to stress conditions (2001) Molecular Microbiology, 39 (3), pp. 533-541. , DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02283.xGrob, N.G., Peptic ulcer in twenty-century of America (2004) New Jersey Medicine, 101, pp. 19-28Jung, H.K., Lee, K.E., Chu, S.H., Yi, S.Y., Reactive oxygen species activity, mucosal lipoperoxidation and glutathione in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa (2001) Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16 (12), pp. 1336-1340. , DOI 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2001.02647.xKimura, M., Goto, S., Ihara, Y., Wada, A., Yahiro, K., Niidome, T., Aoyagi, H., Kondo, T., Impairment of glutathione metabolism in human gastric epithelial cells treated with vacuolating cytotoxin from Helicobacter pylori (2001) Microbial Pathogenesis, 31 (1), pp. 29-36. , DOI 10.1006/mpat.2001.0446Kvietys, P.R., Twohig, B., Danzell, J., Specian, R.D., Ethanol-induced injury to the rat gastric mucosa. Role of neutrophils and xanthine oxidase-derived radicals (1990) Gastroenterology, 98 (4), pp. 909-920Laine, L., Takeuchi, K., Tarnawski, A., Gastric Mucosal Defense and Cytoprotection: Bench to Bedside (2008) Gastroenterology, 135 (1), pp. 41-60. , DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.030, PII S0016508508007944Malfertheiner, P., Chan, F.K., McColl, K.E., Peptic ulcer disease (2009) Lancet, 374, pp. 1449-1461Massignani, J., Lemos, M., Maistro, E.L., Schaphauser, H.P., Jorge, R.F., Sousa, J.P., Bastos, J.K., De Andrade, S.F., Antiulcerogenic activity of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia on different experimental models in rats (2009) Phytotherapy Research, 23, pp. 1355-1360Matos, F.J.A., (1999) Plantas da Medicina Popular Do Nordeste: Propriedades Atribuídas e Confirmadas, p. 78. , Editora UFC FortalezaMoreno, M.I.N., Isla, M.I., Sampietro, A.R., Vattuone, M.A., Comparison of the free radical-scavenging activity of propolis from several regions of Argentina (2000) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 71 (1-2), pp. 109-114. , DOI 10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00189-0, PII S0378874199001890Morimoto, Y., Shimohara, K., Oshima, S., Sukamoto, T., Effects of the new anti-ulcer agent KB-5492 on experimental gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal defensive factors, as compared to those of teprenone and cimetidine (1991) Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 57, pp. 495-505Mota, K.S., Dias, G.E., Pinto, M.E., Luiz-Ferreira, A., Souza-Brito, A.R., Hiruma-Lima, C.A., Barbosa-Filho, J.M., Batista, L.M., Flavonoids with gastroprotective activity (2009) Molecules, 14, pp. 979-1012Naryzhny, S.N., Proliferating cell nuclear antigen: A proteomics view (2008) Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 65, pp. 3789-3808Okabe, S., Amagase, K., An overview of acetic acid ulcer models: The history and state of the art of peptic ulcer research (2005) Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28 (8), pp. 1321-1341. , http://bpb.pharm.or.jp/bpb/200508/b08_1321.pdf, DOI 10.1248/bpb.28.1321Rafatullah, S., Tariq, M., Al-Yahya, M.A., Mossa, J.S., Ageel, A.M., Evaluation of turmeric (Curcuma longa) for gastric and duodenal antiulcer activity in rats (1990) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29 (1), pp. 25-34Roig, J.T., (1988) Plantas Medicinales, Aromaticas O Venenosas de Cuba, , Editorial Cientifica-Tecnica, La HavanaRokutan, K., Role of heat shock proteins in gastric mucosal protection (2000) Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 15, pp. 12-19Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Yesilada, E., Traditional medicine and gastroprotective crude drugs (2005) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100 (1-2), pp. 61-66. , DOI 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.002, PII S037887410500351X, Perspectives of EthnopharmacologyShay, H., Komarov, S.A., Fels, S.S., Meranze, D., Gruenstein, M., Siplet, H., A simple method for the uniform production of gastric ulceration in the rat (1945) Gastroenterology, 5, pp. 43-61Shichijo, K., Ihara, M., Matsuu, M., Ito, M., Okumura, Y., Sekine, I., Overexpression of heat shock protein 70 in stomach of stress-induced gastric ulcer-resistant rats (2003) Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 48 (2), pp. 340-348. , DOI 10.1023/A:1021939829515Sostres, C., Gargallo, C.J., Arroyo, M.T., Lanas, A., Adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, aspirin and coxibs) on upper gastrointestinal tract. Best Practice and Research (2010) Clinical Gastroenterology, 24, pp. 121-132Szelenyi, I., Thiemer, K., Distention ulcer as a model for testing of drugs for ulcerogenic side effects (1978) Archives of Toxicology, 41 (1), pp. 99-105Takagi, K., Okabe, S., Saziki, R., A new method for the production of chronic gastric ulcer in rats and the effect of several drugs on its healing (1969) Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 19, pp. 418-426Tarnawski, A., Cellular and molecular mechanisms of gastrointestinal ulcer healing (2005) Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 50, pp. 24-S33Tarnawski, A., Stachura, J., Krause, W.J., Douglass, T.G., Gergely, H., Quality of gastric ulcer healing: A new, emerging concept (1991) Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 13, pp. 42-S47Tsukimi, Y., Nakai, H., Itoh, S., Amagase, K., Okabe, S., Involvement of heat shock proteins in the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats (2001) Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 52 (3), pp. 391-406Vacca, L.L., (1985) Laboratory Manual of Histochemistry, pp. 176-224. , Raven Press New YorkVieira, J.R., De Souza, I.A., Do Nascimento, S.C., Leite, S.P., Indigofera suffruticosa: An alternative anticancer therapy (2007) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, pp. 355-35

Efeito do cloreto de cálcio na pós-colheita de goiaba Cortibel Calcium chloride application in the post-harvest of guavas Cortibel

O objetivo desse trabalho foi prolongar o período de conservação e manter a qualidade de goiabas (Psidium guajava L.) Cortibel, por meio da aplicação de diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cálcio. Os frutos foram separados em quatro lotes, o controle (sem cálcio) e os tratamentos, que receberam a aplicação de CaCl2 a 1%, 2% e 3% (p/v) por imersão durante 15 minutos para posterior análise de perda de massa fresca, pH, determinação de firmeza, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável, relação entre sólidos solúveis totais e acidez total titulável, quantidade de clorofilas a e b e carotenóides, teor de ácido ascórbico na casca e na polpa e atividade da pectinametilesterase. A concentração de 1% foi responsável pela menor perda de massa fresca, maior firmeza e menor atividade da pectinametilesterase, demonstrando que o cálcio é importante para conservação do fruto, uma vez que atua na regulação do seu amadurecimento. Essa concentração retardou a perda de coloração e manteve o maior teor de ácido ascórbico na casca sem, contudo, diferir estatisticamente das outras concentrações no teor de sólidos solúveis totais e pH. Além disso, verifica-se que maiores concentrações de cálcio não beneficiam as características pós-colheita de goiaba.<br>The objective of this work was to extend the conservation period and maintain the quality of guavas (Psidium guajava L.) Cortibel, through the application of different concentrations of calcium chloride. The fruits were divided into four lots, the control (without calcium) and treatments, which received the application of CaCl2 to 1%, 2% and 3% (p/v) by immersion for 15 minutes. The parameters evaluated were fresh weight loss, pH, determination of firmness, total soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, ratio total soluble solids and total titratable acidity, amount of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid, ascorbic acid content in the rind and pulp and activity of pectinmethylesterase. The 1% of CaCl2 concentration resulted in less fresh weight loss, keeping the firmness and reduced pectinmethylesterase activity, showing that calcium is important for fruit conservation, since it act in regulating the ripening. This concentration delays the loss of coloration and maintains the higher ascorbic acid content in the rind. However, there were no statistical differences from other CaCl2 concentrations regarding total soluble solids and pH. Moreover, it was verified that higher calcium concentrations do not further improve the post-harvest characteristics in guava