Breast Augmentation

Complications encountered after breast augmentation are dealt with in some detail, with reference to their frequency, causes, prevention and treatment. A comparison between complications of a temporary, correctible nature and those classified as 'permanent', and between minor complications, not affecting the over-all result, and those causing major concern, is made. The criteria on which results are based are detailed, with ratings given to determine excellent, good or poor results.S. Afr. Med. J., 48, 737 (1974)

Sing Me a Song of History: South African Poets and Singers in Exile, 1900–1990

In this thesis I argue that poetry, for the South African poets and singers in exile in the period 1900–1990, was a highly symbolic agent which crossed the divide between verbal discourse and poetic form. Poetry embodied altruistic gestures and trusted encounters which became social agencies of change, reconciliation and hope due to historical exigencies, political imperatives and individual courage and sacrifices. By naming the condition of exile within literary representations of movement, travel and the diaspora, I am asking whether poetic representations of the South African exile validates a positioning of exiles‘ literary archives as a late modernist, ontological concern. I propose that this poetry, exilic poetry, intersects at all times with an altruistic intent that reinvigorates our ideas of humanism or humanisms. I consider the development and relevance of literary theories in South Africa and ruminate on the prose of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Paul Gilroy and Jacques Derrida in relation to the role of poetry in politics. By placing geo- and indeed bio-politics in our frame, we can comprehend the meaning of apartheid in terms of multiple philosophical positions which privilege the major disruptions, the main ― "isms" of our time: colonialism, humanism and the body politics that have arisen as a result of immense conflict. Apartheid was one such disruption, the after-effects of which are still new as South African histories are being torn apart and rewritten. Through all this, the poets talking to the people rewrote and wrote histories which we are still reading and writing. My thesis has considered whether there were specificities about South African exile which are revealed by looking at the relationship of poetry to exile. I have argued that these poems fall between the real and the imagined as trusted encounters, not as stories. Ultimately exiled writers and singers found the ecstasy of life in their poems or songs and in the fact of being alive, and in this sense they retained a sense of intense individuality despite their collective purpose. There is still much work to be done on the cultural mobility and transculturation that infuses these works with such a rich sense of altruistic, historical purpose

Early detection of carcinoma of the breast

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Estimation of trailer off-tracking using visual odometry

High Capacity Vehicles (HCVs) have been shown to be highly effective in reducing emissions associated with road freight transport. However, the reduced manoeuvrability of long vehicles often necessitates the use of active trailer steering. Path-following trailer steering systems are very effective in this regard, but are currently limited to on-highway applications due to the manner in which trailer off-tracking is estimated. In this work, a novel trailer off- tracking measurement concept is introduced which is independent of wheel slip and ground surface conditions, and requires no additional sensor measurements or parameter data from the tractor. The concept utilises a stereo camera pair affixed to the trailer and a visual odometry-based algorithm to calculate off-tracking. The concept was evaluated in detailed simulation and full-scale vehicle tests, demonstrating its feasibility and highlighting some important characteristics. RMS measurement errors of 0.11-0.12 m (3.3-3.6%) were obtained in a challenging visual environment.CSIR, South Africa; Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust, UK; Cambridge Vehicle Dynamics Consortium

Camera-based measurement of cyclist motion

Heavy goods vehicles are overrepresented in cyclist fatality statistics in the United Kingdom relative to their proportion of total traffic volume. In particular, the statistics highlight a problem for vehicles turning left across the path of a cyclist on their inside. In this article, we present a camera-based system to detect and track cyclists in the blind spot. The system uses boosted classifiers and geometric constraints to detect cyclist wheels, and Canny edge detection to locate the ground contact point. The locations of these points are mapped into physical coordinates using a calibration system based on the ground plane. A Kalman Filter is used to track and predict the future motion of the cyclist. Full-scale tests were conducted using a construction vehicle fitted with two cameras, and the results compared with measurements from an ultrasonic-sensor system. Errors were comparable to the ultrasonic system, with average error standard deviation of 4.3 cm when the cyclist was 1.5 m from the heavy goods vehicles, and 7.1 cm at a distance of 1 m. When results were compared to manually extracted cyclist position data, errors were less than 4 cm at separations of 1.5 and 1 m. Compared to the ultrasonic system, the camera system requires simple hardware and can easily differentiate cyclists from stationary or moving background objects such as parked cars or roadside furniture. However, the cameras suffer from reduced robustness and accuracy at close range and cannot operate in low-light conditions. C. Eddy was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). C.C. de Saxe was supported by the Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust, UK, and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa

The influence of childhood welfare participation on adulthood substance use: evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health

The associations between early life-socioeconomic status and health, specifically substance use, is well substantiated. The vulnerabilities associated with adversity in childhood, particularly poverty, can have a cumulative effect on an individual’s risk and resilience throughout the life course. While several studies substantiate the relationship between substance use and welfare participation, less known is the impact of and prevalence of behavioral health problems later in life among young adults who were welfare recipients before age 18

Caring for home-based care workers

Home-based care has emerged as a service delivery model to cope with the devastation caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa, where medical and traditional care infrastructures have been overwhelmed. In these communities homebased care workers provide critical services, which include physical, psychosocial, and palliative care activities.1 A quantitative and qualitative study of home-based care workers in South Africa was conducted in 2005 to better understand the needs, fears and motivations of front-line care workers at Thembalethu Home Based Care (THBC), located within the Nkomazi region of South Africa\'s Mpumalanga province. The objectives of this study were to: ■ Describe the socio-demographic background of home-based care workers to letter understand worker demographics, workers\' finances and job characteristics ■ Assess THBC care workers\' willingness to undergo voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) to determine their HIV status ■ Explore the emotional impacts of care work for THBC frontline care workers to determine what mechanisms could be put in place in order to support and expand the current care work infrastructure. Findings suggest that THBC care workers value the emotional support from weekly group meetings and use this time to process the emotional impacts of their care work. Although rates of testing are low, 83% of participants would consider undergoing VCT to learn their HIV status. Specific strategies to ensure that care workers receive appropriate medical care and supportive services are discussed. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine Vol. 7 (3) 2006: pp. 38-4

Debunking macro myths: findings from recent graduates about jobs, salaries and skills

Research suggests that interest in macro social work practice is declining, a trend that has been well documented in the United States. Studies find that social work educators and practitioners may foster beliefs among MSW students that discredit macro practice and associated skills while asserting macro graduates are likely to face poorer employment prospects and lower salaries than micro counterparts as they start their careers. This study builds on and extends this literature by examining 27 skills in their current job using a 5-point Likert-type scale among the early career trajectory of MSW alumni (N=182) who graduated between 2008--2012 from a public social work institution in the southeastern United States. The skills included in the survey, as well as decisions about how to group them into scales, were made based on theoretical links between the skills by macro faculty members. Findings highlight the use of macro practice skills regardless of concentration focus, no differences in salary, or the time it takes to find employment between micro and macro alumni. Implications for social work education are discussed

Surviving That Place: Language and Violence in the Poetry of Ingrid Jonker, Ingrid de Kok, Gabeda Baderoon and Phillippa Yaa de Villiers

This paper examines four South African poets, Ingrid Jonker, Ingrid de Kok, Gabeda Baderoon and Philippa Yaa de Villiers in order to explore their poetic responses to memory and the witnessing of violence in South Africa. The paper deliberates a broad paradox of boundaries to place and in poetry by analysing the ways in which poetic form or formlessness gives or withholds freedom to write about violence and death in and beyond South Africa’s boundaries. Ingrid Jonker’s struggle with subjectivity and observation prepared a path for de Kok, Baderoon and de Villiers to successfully elude South African reconciliation discourse within relatively conservative poetic and rhythmic structures. Ways of writing violence move these poets beyond the boundaries of place, if not violence in all its enormity, to explorations of freedom in everyday life and in memories of childhood, notwithstanding writing as witness to state-sanctioned violence and personal loss