329 research outputs found
Gender and age differences in polysomnography findings and sleep complaints of patients referred to a sleep laboratory
Our objective was to examine the effet of gender on the sleep pattern of patients referred to a sleep laboratory. The data (questionnaires and polysomnographic recordings) were collected from a total of 2365 patients (1550 men and 815 women). The polysomnography permits an objective assessment of the sleep pattern. We included only polysomnography exams obtained with no more than one recording system in order to permit normalization of the data. Men had a significantly higher body mass index than women (28.5 ± 4.8 vs 27.7 ± 6.35 kg/m²) and had a significantly higher score on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (10.8 ± 5.3 vs 9.5 ± 6.0), suggesting daytime sleepiness. Women had a significantly higher sleep latency than men, as well as a higher rapid eye movement (REM) latency. Men spent more time in stages 1 (4.6 ± 4.1 vs 3.9 ± 3.8) and 2 (57.0 ± 10.5 vs 55.2 ± 10.1) of non-REM sleep than women, whereas women spent significantly more time in deep sleep stages (3 and 4) than men (22.6 ± 9.0 vs 19.9 ± 9.0). The apnea/hypopnea and arousal indexes were significantly higher and more frequent in men than in women (31.0 ± 31.5 vs 17.3 ± 19.7). Also, periodic leg movement index did not differ significantly between genders, but rather differed among age groups. We did not find significant differences between genders in the percentage of REM sleep and sleep efficiency. The results of the current study suggest that there are specific gender differences in sleep pattern.1067107
Giant Gravitons - with Strings Attached (III)
We develop techniques to compute the one-loop anomalous dimensions of
operators in the super Yang-Mills theory that are dual to open
strings ending on boundstates of sphere giant gravitons. Our results, which are
applicable to excitations involving an arbitrary number of open strings,
generalize the single string results of hep-th/0701067. The open strings we
consider carry angular momentum on an S embedded in the S of the
AdSS background. The problem of computing the one loop anomalous
dimensions is replaced with the problem of diagonalizing an interacting Cuntz
oscillator Hamiltonian. Our Cuntz oscillator dynamics illustrates how the
Chan-Paton factors for open strings propagating on multiple branes can arise
dynamically.Comment: 66 pages; v2: improved presentatio
Non-holomorphic multi-matrix gauge invariant operators based on Brauer algebra
We present an orthogonal basis of gauge invariant operators constructed from
some complex matrices for the free matrix field, where operators are expressed
with the help of Brauer algebra. This is a generalisation of our previous work
for a signle complex matrix. We also discuss the matrix quantum mechanics
relevant to N=4 SYM on S^{3} times R. A commuting set of conserved operators
whose eigenstates are given by the orthogonal basis is shown by using enhanced
symmetries at zero coupling.Comment: 29 pages, typos corrected, references adde
Electrified BPS Giants: BPS configurations on Giant Gravitons with Static Electric Field
We consider D3-brane action in the maximally supersymmetric type IIB
plane-wave background. Upon fixing the light-cone gauge, we obtain the
light-cone Hamiltonian which is manifestly supersymmetric. The 1/2 BPS
solutions of this theory (solutions which preserve 16 supercharges) are either
of the form of spherical three branes, the giant gravitons, or zero size point
like branes. We then construct specific classes of 1/4 BPS solutions of this
theory in which static electric field on the brane is turned on. These
solutions are deformations about either of the two 1/2 BPS solutions. In
particular, we study in some detail 1/4 BPS configurations with electric dipole
on the three sphere giant, i.e. BIons on the giant gravitons, which we hence
call BIGGons. We also study BPS configurations corresponding to turning on a
background uniform constant electric field. As a result of this background
electric field the three sphere giant is deformed to squashed sphere, while the
zero size point like branes turn into circular or straight fundamental strings
in the plane-wave background, with their tension equal to the background
electric field.Comment: 32 pages, 1 eps figure; v2: Presentation of derivation of light-cone
Hamiltonian improved, Refs adde
Changes In Motor Behavior During Pregnancy In Rats: The Basis For A Possible Animal Model Of Restless Legs Syndrome [alterações No Comportamento Motor De Ratas Prenhes: Bases Para Um Possível Modelo Animal Da Síndrome Das Pernas Inquietas]
PURPOSE: Pregnant women have a 2-3 fold higher probability of developing restless legs syndrome (RLS – sleep-related movement disorders) than general population. This study aims to evaluate the behavior and locomotion of rats during pregnancy in order to verify if part of these animals exhibit some RLS-like features. METHODS: We used 14 female 80-day-old Wistar rats that weighed between 200 and 250 g. The rats were distributed into control (CTRL) and pregnant (PN) groups. After a baseline evaluation of their behavior and locomotor activity in an open-field environment, the PN group was inducted into pregnancy, and their behavior and locomotor activity were evaluated on days 3, 10 and 19 of pregnancy and in the post-lactation period in parallel with the CTRL group. The serum iron and transferrin levels in the CTRL and PN groups were analyzed in blood collected after euthanasia by decapitation. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the total ambulation, grooming events, fecal boli or urine pools between the CTRL and PN groups. However, the PN group exhibited fewer rearing events, increased grooming time and reduced immobilization time than the CTRL group (ANOVA, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that pregnant rats show behavioral and locomotor alterations similar to those observed in animal models of RLS, demonstrating to be a possible animal model of this sleep disorder.3610436441Allen, R.P., Walters, A.S., Montplaisir, J., Hening, W., Myers, A., Bell, T.J., Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study (2005) Arch Intern Med, 165 (11), pp. 1286-1292McCrink, L., Allen, R.P., Wolowacz, S., Sherrill, B., Connolly, M., Kirsch, J., Predictors of health-related quality of life in sufferers with restless legs syndrome: A multi-national study (2007) Sleep Med, 8 (1), pp. 73-83Trenkwalder, C., Paulus, W., Restless legs syndrome: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management (2010) Nat Rev Neurol, 6 (6), pp. 337-346Phillips, B., Young, T., Finn, L., Asher, K., Hening, W.A., Purvis, C., Epidemiology of restless legs symptoms in adults (2000) Arch Intern Med, 160 (14), pp. 2137-2141Manconi, M., Govoni, V., De Vito, A., Economou, N.T., Cesnik, E., Mollica, G., Pregnancy as a risk factor for restless legs syndrome (2004) Sleep Med, 5 (3), pp. 305-308Goodman, J.D., Brodie, C., Ayida, G.A., Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy (1988) BMJ, 297 (6656), pp. 1101-1102Eriksson, L., Edén, S., Holst, J., Lindstedt, G., Von Schoultz, B., Diurnal variations in thyrotropin, prolactin and cortisol during human pregnancy (1989) Gynecol Obstet Invest, 27 (2), pp. 78-83Walters, A.S., Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. The International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (1995) Mov Disord, 10 (5), pp. 634-642Lee, K.A., Zaffke, M.E., Baratte-Beebe, K., Restless legs syndrome and sleep disturbance during pregnancy: The role of folate and iron (2001) J Womens Health Gender Based Med, 10 (4), pp. 335-341Garcia-Borreguero, D., Larrosa, O., Granizo, J.J., De La Llave, Y., Hening, W.A., Circadian variation in neuroendocrine response to L-dopa in patients with restless legs syndrome (2004) Sleep, 27 (4), pp. 669-673Manconi, M., Govoni, V., De Vito, A., Economou, N.T., Cesnik, E., Casetta, I., Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy (2004) Neurology, 63 (6), pp. 1065-1069Balendran, J., Champion, D., Jaaniste, T., Welsh, A., A common sleep disorder in pregnancy: Restless legs syndrome and its predictors (2011) Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 51 (3), pp. 262-264Ekbom, K.A., (1945) Restless legs. Acta Med Scand, 121, pp. 7-123Ekbom, K.A., Restless legs syndrome (1960) Neurology, 10, pp. 868-873Bonduelle, M., Restlessness, J.B., (1953) Bull Med, 67 (12), p. 316Manconi, M., De Vito, A., Economou, N.T., Govoni, V., Casetta, I., Granieri, E., Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy: Preliminary epidemiological results in 130 women (2002) J Sleep Res, 11, pp. 126-149Allen, R.P., Picchietti, D., Hening, W.A., Trenkwalder, C., Walters, A.S., Montplaisi, J., Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health (2003) Sleep Med, 4 (2), pp. 101-119Ondo, W.G., He, Y., Rajasekaran, S., Le, W.D., Clinical correlates of 6-hydroxydopamine injections into A11 dopaminergic neurons in rats: A possible model for restless legs syndrome (2000) Mov Disord, 15 (1), pp. 154-158Esteves, A.M., De Mello, M.T., Lancellotti, C.L., Natal, C.L., Tufik, S., Occurrence of limb movement during sleep in rats with spinal cord injury (2004) Brain Res, 1017 (1-2), pp. 32-38Esteves, A.M., Mello, M.T., Squarcini, C.F., Lancellotti, C.L., Comparoni, A., Tufik, S., Sleep patterns over 15-day period in rats with spinal cord injury (2007) Spinal Cord, 45 (5), pp. 360-366Esteves, A.M., Squarcini, C.F., Lancellotti, C.L., Tufik, S., De Mello, M.T., Characteristics of muscle fibers in rats with limb movements during sleep after spinal cord injury (2012) Eur Neurol, 67 (2), pp. 107-115Ondo, W.G., Zhao, H.R., Le, W.D., Animal models of restless legs syndrome (2007) Sleep Med, 8 (4), pp. 344-348Qu, S., Le, W., Zhang, X., Xie, W., Zhang, A., Ondo, W.G., Locomotion is increased in a11-lesioned mice with iron deprivation: A possible animal model for restless legs syndrome (2007) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 66 (5), pp. 383-388Baier, P.C., Ondo, W.G., Winkelmann, J., Animal studies in restless legs syndrome (2007) Mov Disord, 22, pp. 459-465Lopes, C., Esteves, A.M., Frussa-Filho, R., Tufik, S., De Mello, M.T., Evaluation of periodic limb movements in a putative animal model of restless leg syndrome (2012) Mov Disord, 27 (3), pp. 413-420Esteves, A.M., Lopes, C., Frussa-Filho, R., Frank, M.K., Cavagnolli, D., Arida, R.M., Spontaneously hypertensive rats: Possible animal model of sleep-related movement disorders (2013) J Mot Behav, 45 (6), pp. 487-493Howard-Jones, N., A CIOMS ethical code for animal experimentation (1985) WHO Chron, 39 (2), pp. 51-56Long, J.A., Evans, H.M., The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena, , Berkeley: University of California1922. (Memoirs of University of California, 6)Mandl, A.M., The phases of the oestrous cycle in the adult white rat (1951) J Exp Biol, 28 (4), pp. 576-584Marcondes, F.K., Bianchi, F.J., Tanno, A.P., Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: Some helpful considerations (2002) Braz J Biol, 62 (4A), pp. 609-614Manconi, M., Hutchins, W., Feroah, T.R., Zucconi, M., Ferini-Strambi, L., On the pathway of an animal model for restless legs syndrome (2007) Neurol Sci, 28, pp. S53-60Fukushiro, D.F., Calzavara, M.B., Trombin, T.F., Lopez, G.B., Abílio, V.C., Andersen, M.L., Effects of environmental enrichment and paradoxical sleep deprivation on open-field behavior of amphetamine-treated mice (2007) Physiol Behav, 92 (4), pp. 773-779Earley, C.J., Connor, J.R., Beard, J.L., Malecki, E.A., Epstein, D.K., Allen, R.P., Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome (2000) Neurology, 54 (8), pp. 1698-1700Mizuno, S., Mihara, T., Miyaoka, T., Inagaki, T., Horiguchi, J., CSF iron, ferritin and transferrin levels in restless legs syndrome (2005) J Sleep Res, 14 (1), pp. 43-4
Half-BPS Giants, Free Fermions and Microstates of Superstars
We consider 1/2-BPS states in AdS/CFT. Using the matrix model description of
chiral primaries explicit mappings among configurations of fermions, giant
gravitons and the dual-giant gravitons are obtained. These maps lead to a
`duality' between the giant and the dual-giant configurations which is the
reflection of particle-hole duality of the fermion picture. These dualities
give rise to some interesting consequences which we study. We then calculate
the degeneracy of 1/2-BPS states both from the CFT and string theory and show
that they match. The asymptotic degeneracy grows exponentially with the
comformal dimension. We propose that the five-dimensional single charge
`superstar' geometry should carry this density of states. An appropriate
stretched horizon can be placed in this geometry and the entropy predicted by
the CFT and the string theory microstate counting can be reproduced by the
Bekenstein-Hawking formula up to a numerical coefficient. Similar M-theory
examples are also considered.Comment: 21 pages, v2:typos corrected and references adde
Branes, Anti-Branes and Brauer Algebras in Gauge-Gravity duality
We propose gauge theory operators built using a complex Matrix scalar which
are dual to brane-anti-brane systems in , in the zero
coupling limit of the dual Yang-Mills. The branes involved are half-BPS giant
gravitons. The proposed operators dual to giant-anti-giant configurations
satisfy the appropriate orthogonality properties. Projection operators in
Brauer algebras are used to construct the relevant multi-trace Matrix
operators. These are related to the ``coupled representations'' which appear in
2D Yang-Mills theory. We discuss the implications of these results for the
quantum mechanics of a complex matrix model, the counting of non-supersymmetric
operators and the physics of brane-anti-brane systems. The stringy exclusion
principle known from the properties of half-BPS giant gravitons, has a new
incarnation in this context. It involves a qualitative change in the map
between brane-anti-brane states to gauge theory operators. In the case of a
pair of sphere giant and anti-giant this change occurs when the sum of the
magnitudes of their angular momenta reaches .Comment: 52 pages, 10 figure
Thermal Giant Graviton with Non-commutative Dipole Field
Using the type II near-extremal 3D-branes solution we apply the T-duality and
smeared twist to construct the supergravity backgrounds which dual to the 4D
finite temperature non-commutative dipole field theories. We first consider the
zero-temperature system in which, depending on the property of dipole vectors
it may be N=2, N=1 or N=0 theory. We investigate the rotating D3-brane
configurations moving on the spactimes and show that, for the cases of N=2 and
N =1 the rotating D3-brane could be blowed up to the stable spherical
configuration which is called as giant graviton and has a less energy than the
point-like graviton. The giant graviton configuration is stable only if its
angular momentum was less than a critical value of which is an increasing
function of the dipole strength. For the case of non-supersymmetric theory,
however, the spherical configuration has a larger energy than the point-like
graviton. We also find that the dipole field always render the dual giant
graviton to be more stable than the point-like graviton. The relation of dual
giant graviton energy with its angular momentum, which in the AdS/CFT
correspondence being the operator anomalous dimension is obtained. We
furthermore show that the temperature does not change the property of the giant
graviton, while it will render the dual giant graviton to be unstable.Comment: Latex 20 pages, add comments about BPS bound below (3.8
Fermions from Half-BPS Supergravity
We discuss collective coordinate quantization of the half-BPS geometries of
Lin, Lunin and Maldacena (hep-th/0409174). The LLM geometries are parameterized
by a single function on a plane. We treat this function as a collective
coordinate. We arrive at the collective coordinate action as well as path
integral measure by considering D3 branes in an arbitrary LLM geometry. The
resulting functional integral is shown, using known methods (hep-th/9309028),
to be the classical limit of a functional integral for free fermions in a
harmonic oscillator. The function gets identified with the classical limit
of the Wigner phase space distribution of the fermion theory which satisfies u
* u = u. The calculation shows how configuration space of supergravity becomes
a phase space (hence noncommutative) in the half-BPS sector. Our method sheds
new light on counting supersymmetric configurations in supergravity.Comment: 28 pages, 2 figures, epsf;(v3) eq. (3.3) clarified and notationally
simplified; version to appear in JHE
Giants On Deformed Backgrounds
We study giant graviton probes in the framework of the three--parameter
deformation of the AdS_5 x S^5 background. We examine both the case when the
brane expands in the deformed part of the geometry and the case when it blows
up into AdS. Performing a detailed analysis of small fluctuations around the
giants, the configurations turn out to be stable. Our results hold even for the
supersymmetric Lunin-Maldacena deformation.Comment: LaTex, 28 pages, uses JHEP3; v2: minor corrections, references added;
v3: final version accepted for publication in JHE
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