Princípios da produção mais limpa na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel: análise da indústria de óleo vegetal e usina de biodiesel

Adotar a gestão ambiental como estratégia de desenvolvimento contempla asnecessidades das empresas de aliar desenvolvimento econômico e social com osprincípios de sustentabilidade. A Produção Mais Limpa (P+L) pode ser a ferramentaadotada, pois é capaz de contribuir com melhorias nos processos produtivos, reduzindoos impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e, consequentemente, aumentando a vantagemcompetitiva. O estudo identifica como a aplicação dos princípios da P+L pode se revelarcomo um fator de competitividade para as indústrias produtoras de óleo vegetal e debiodiesel. A pesquisa foi qualitativa e de natureza exploratória, identificada como estudode caso. Dentre os resultados, percebeu-se que as empresas estudadas possueminiciativas relacionadas à inclusão da questão ambiental em seu planejamento, apesar deserem identificadas barreiras que as limitam quando decidem assumir uma postura próativacom relação aos aspectos inerentes à problemática ambiental

Retention force of T-bar clasps for titanium and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures

The objective of this study was to evaluate the retention force of T-bar clasps made from commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy by the insertion/removal test simulating 5 years use. Thirty-six frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=18) and Co-Cr alloy (n=18) with identical prefabricated patterns on refractory casts from a distal extension mandibular hemi-arch segment. The castings were made on a vacuum-pressure machine, under vacuum and argon atmosphere. Each group was subdivided in three, corresponding to 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm and 0.75 mm undercuts, respectively. No polishing procedures were performed to ensure uniformity. The specimens were subjected to an insertion/removal test and data was analyzed statistically to compare CP Ti and Co-Cr alloy in the same undercut (Student's t-test for independent samples) and each material in different undercuts (one-way ANOVA) (p=0.05). Comparisons between materials revealed significant differences (p=0.017) only for the 0.50-mm undercut. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found when comparing the same material for the undercuts. It may be concluded that for different undercuts, both Co-Cr alloy and CP Ti had no significant differences for T-bar clasps; CP Ti showed the lowest retention force values when compared to Co-Cr alloy in each undercut, but with significant difference only for the 0.50-mm undercut; and both materials maintained the retentive capacity during the simulation test.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a força de retenção de grampos tipo barra T confeccionados em titânio cp e liga de Co-Cr, através do ensaio de simulação de uso de estruturas metálicas por um período de 5 anos. Sobre modelos de revestimento que simulavam uma extremidade livre unilateral, foram fundidas 36 estruturas em titânio cp (n=18) e em Co-Cr (n=18) utilizando padrões pré-fabricados. As fundições foram feitas em máquina de vácuo-pressão sob vácuo e atmosfera inerte de argônio. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três correspondendo às retenções de 0,25 mm, 0,50 mm e 0,75 mm, respectivamente. Para manter a uniformidade dos grampos, não foram realizados procedimentos de polimento. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao teste de inserção e remoção e os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (p=0,05) para comparar Ti cp e Co-Cr na mesma retenção (teste T de Student para amostras independentes) e cada material nas diferentes retenções (análise de variância a um fator). A comparação entre os materiais revelou diferença significativa apenas para retenção de 0,50 (p=0,017). Não foram encontradas diferenças quando se comparou o mesmo material nas diferentes retenções (p>0,05). Pode-se concluir que para as diferentes retenções, grampos barra T confeccionados em liga de Co-Cr e titânio não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante; o titânio apresentou menores valores de retenção quando comparado à liga de Co-Cr em cada uma das retenções, mas diferença estatisticamente significante só foi encontrada para a retenção 0,50-mm; e ambos materiais mantiveram a capacidade retentiva durante o teste de simulação de uso.FAPES

Effect of laser welding on the titanium composite tensile bond strength

The aim of this study was to analyze the shear bond strength between commercially pure titanium, with and without laser welding, after airbone-particle abrasion (Al2O3) and 2 indirect composites. Sixty-four specimens were cast and divided into 2 groups with and without laser welding. Each group was divided in 4 subgroups, related to Al2O3 grain size: A - 250 µm; B - 180 µm; C- 110 µm; and D - 50 µm. Composite rings were formed around the rods and light polymerized using UniXS unit. Specimens were invested and their shear bond strength at failure was measured with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min. Statistical analysis was carried out with ANOVA and Tukey's test (&#945;=0.05). The highest bond strength means were recorded in 250 µm group without laser welding. The lowest shear bond strength means were recorded in 50 µm group with laser welding. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were found between all groups. In conclusion, airborne particle abrasion yielded significantly lower bond strength as the Al2O3 particle size decreased. Shear bond strength decreased in the laser welded specimens.O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a força de união entre o titânio comercialmente puro com solda e sem solda modificado por partículas de óxido de alumínio (Al2O3) e duas resinas indiretas. Um total de 64 espécimes foram fundidas e divididas em dois grupos sem solda e com solda a laser. Cada grupo foi novamente divididos em 4 subgrupos, de acordo com o tamanho de partículas de óxido de alumínio utilizado: A - Al2O3 (250 µm); B - Al2O3 (180 µm); C- Al2O3 (110 µm); D - Al2O3 (50 µm). Anéis de resina foram polimerizados ao redor das hastes de titânio no equipamento UniXS. Os espécimes foram embutidos em gesso e a força de união foi mensurada com auxílio da máquina de ensaios universais. ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05) foram utilizados para análise estatística. Os maiores valores de força de união foram registrados no grupo de 250 µm sem solda a laser. Os menores valores foram registrados para o grupo de 50 µm com solda a laser. Alterações estatisticamente significantes foram observadas entre todos os grupos (p<0,05). As forças de união diminuíram significantemente com a diminuição dos tamanhos das partículas de óxido de alumínio. A força de união diminuiu nas amostras que receberam a solda a laser.CNP

Effect of laser welding on the titanium ceramic tensile bond strength

Titanium reacts strongly with elements, mainly oxygen at high temperature. The high temperature of titanium laser welding modifies the surface, and may interfere on the metal-ceramic tensile bond strength. OBJECTIVE: The influence of laser welding on the titanium-ceramic bonding has not yet been established. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the influence of laser welding applied to commercially pure titanium (CpTi) substructure on the bond strength of commercial ceramic. The influence of airborne particle abrasion (Al2O3) conditions was also studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty CpTi cylindrical rods (3 mm x 60 mm) were cast and divided into 2 groups: with laser welding (L) and without laser welding (WL). Each group was divided in 4 subgroups, according to the size of the particles used in airborne particle abrasion: A - Al2O3 (250 µm); B - Al2O3 (180 µm); C - Al2O3 (110 µm); D - Al2O3 (50 µm). Ceramic rings were fused around the CpTi rods. Specimens were invested and their tensile strength was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 200 kgf load cell. Statistical analysis was carried out with analysis of variance and compared using the independent t test (

Importance of a distal proximal contact on load transfer by implant-supported single adjacent crowns in posterior region of the mandible: a photoelastic study

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the importance of a distal proximal contact on the load transfer to the posterior region of the mandible by non-splinted adjacent implant-supported crowns using photoelastic stress analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A rectangular model (68x30x15 mm) was made of polymethylmethacrylate resin to simulate half of the mandibular arch. One model was completed with resin replicas representing the first premolar and second molar and with two 3.75 mm dia.x11 mm internal hexagon threaded implants replacing the second premolar and first molar. The other model was manufactured in the same way but without the second molar. Both models were duplicated using photoelastic resin. The roots of the teeth replicas were covered with a layer of polyether impression material to simulate the periodontal ligament. Two different vertical loads were applied to the crowns as follows: 1 - single static point load alternately applied to the crowns replacing the second premolar and first molar (50 N); 2 - simultaneous static point loads applied to both of the crowns replacing the second premolar and first molar (100 N). The resulting isochromatic fringe pattern in the photoelastic model was monitored and photographed. RESULTS: All loading conditions studied showed that the presence of the second molar has changed the load transmission and the pattern of stresses. CONCLUSION: Results showed that the presence of a second molar proximal contact can help minimize the stresses around the implants

Effect of fluoride-containing solutions on the surface of cast commercially pure titanium

This study evaluated the effects of fluoride-containing solutions on the surface of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) obtained by casting. CP Ti specimens were fabricated and randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=10): group 1: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC; group 2: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and daily immersed in 0.05% NaF for 3 min; group 3: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and daily immersed in 0.2% NaF for 3 min; group 4: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC; and immersed in 0.05% NaF every 15 days for 3 min; and group 5: stored in distilled water at 37 ± 1ºC and immersed in 0.2% NaF every 15 days for 3 min. Surface roughness was measured with a profilometer immediately after metallographic polishing of the specimens (T0) and at 15-day intervals until completing 60 days of experiment (T15, T30, T45, T60). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (&#945;=0.05). There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in surface roughness among the solutions. In conclusion, fluoride-containing solutions (pH 7.0) used as mouthwashes do not damage the surface of cast CP Ti and can be used by patients with titanium-based restorations.Este estudo avaliou o efeito de soluções para enxaguatório bucal contendo fluoreto sobre a superfície do titânio comercialmente puro (cp Ti) após fundição odontológica. As amostras (n=50) foram divididas igualmente: grupo A - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC, grupo B - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão diária em NaF a 0,05% durante 3 min, grupo C - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão diária em NaF a 0,2% durante 3 min, grupo D - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão em NaF a 0,05% a cada 15 dias por 3 min e grupo E - armazenadas em água destilada a 37 ± 1ºC e imersão em NaF a 0,2% a cada 15 dias durante 3 min. A rugosidade superficial foi medida logo após o polimento metalográfico das amostras (T0) e cada 15 dias de experiência até serem alcançados 60 dias (T15, T30, T45, T60). Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA (&#945;=0,05) e as diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes (p>0,05) entre as diferentes soluções. Conclui-se que soluções contendo fluoreto (pH 7,0) não danificam a superfície do Ti cp e podem ser usadas como soluções para bochecho usadas por pacientes que possuem restaurações à base de titânio.FAPES

Comparative study of chemical and mechanical retentive systems for bonding of indirect composite resin to commercially pure titanium

This study evaluated the effect of chemical and mechanical surface treatments for cast metal alloys on the bond strength of an indirect composite resin (Artglass) to commercially pure titanium (cpTi). Thirty cylindrical metal rods (3 mm diameter x 60 mm long) were cast in grade-1 cpTi and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=5) according to the received surface treatment: sandblasting; chemical treatment; mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm beads; mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads; chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.4 mm; and chemical/mechanical treatment - 0.6 mm beads. Artglass rings (6.0 mm diameter x 2.0 mm thick) were light cured around the cpTi rods, according manufacturer's specifications. The specimens were invested in hard gypsum and their bond strength (in MPa) to the rods was measured at fracture with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2.0 mm/min and 500 kgf load cell. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (a=5%). The surface treatments differed significantly from each other (p<0.05) regarding the recorded bond strengths. Chemical retention and sandblasting showed statistically similar results to each other (p=0.139) and both had significantly lower bond strengths (p<0.05) than the other treatments. In conclusion, mechanical retention, either associated or not to chemical treatment, provided higher bond strength of the indirect composite resin to cpTi.Este estudo avaliou o efeito de tratamentos de superfície químico e mecânico para ligas metálicas fundidas sobre a resistência de união de uma resina composta indireta (Artglass) ao titânio comercialmente puro (Ti cp). Trinta varetas cilíndricas metálicas (3 mm diâmetro x 60 mm comprimento) foram fundidas em Ti cp grau 1 e igualmente divididas em grupos de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos de superfície: jateamento, químico, mecânico com esferas de 0,4 mm, mecânico com esferas de 0,6 mm, químico/mecânico com esferas de 0,4 mm e químico/mecânico com esferas de 0,6 mm. Anéis de Artglass (6 mm diâmetro X 2 mm espessura) foram fotopolimerizados ao redor das varetas, de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Os corpos-de-prova foram embutidos em gesso-pedra e a resistência de união (MPa) foi medida em uma máquina universal de ensaios com velocidade de 2,0 mm/min e célula de carga de 500 kgf. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA a um critério e teste de Tukey (a=5%). Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos de superfície quanto à resistência adesiva. Retenção química e jateamento apresentaram resultados estatisticamente semelhantes (p=0,139), e ambos apresentaram menores valores de retenção que os demais tratamentos (p<0,05). Em conclusão, a retenção mecânica, associada ou não a tratamento químico, apresentou melhores resultados de resistência adesiva do compósito indireto ao Ti cp.(FAPESP) São Paulo Research Foundatio

Abrasion wear resistance of different artificial teeth opposed to metal and composite antagonists

One of the most important properties of artificial teeth is the abrasion wear resistance, which is determinant in the maintenance of the rehabilitation's occlusal pattern. OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the abrasion wear resistance of 7 brands of artificial teeth opposed to two types of antagonists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven groups were prepared with 12 specimens each (BIOLUX & BL, TRILUX & TR, BLUE DENT & BD, BIOCLER & BC, POSTARIS & PO, ORTHOSIT & OR, GNATHOSTAR & GN), opposed to metallic (M & nickel-chromium alloy), and to composite antagonists (C & Solidex indirect composite). A mechanical loading device was used (240 cycles/min, 4 Hz speed, 10 mm antagonist course). Initial and final contours of each specimen were registered with aid of a profile projector (20x magnification). The linear difference between the two profiles was measured and the registered values were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Regarding the antagonists, only OR (M = 10.45 ± 1.42 µm and C = 2.77 ± 0.69 µm) and BC (M = 6.70 ± 1.37 µm and C = 4.48 ± 0.80 µm) presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Best results were obtained with PO (C = 2.33 ± 0.91 µm and M = 1.78 ± 0.42 µm), followed by BL (C = 3.70 ± 1.32 µm and M = 3.70 ± 0.61 µm), statistically similar for both antagonists (p>0.05). Greater result variance was obtained with OR, which presented the worse results opposed to Ni-Cr (10.45 ± 1.42 µm), and results similar to the best ones against composite (2.77 ± 0.69 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the antagonist material is a factor of major importance to be considered in the choice of the artificial teeth to be used in the prosthesis

Comparative study of two commercially pure titanium casting methods

The interest in using titanium to fabricate removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks has increased, but there are few studies evaluating the effects of casting methods on clasp behavior. OBJECTIVE: This study compared the occurrence of porosities and the retentive force of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) removable partial denture circumferential clasps cast by induction/centrifugation and plasma/vacuum-pressure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 72 frameworks were cast from CP Ti (n=36) and Co-Cr alloy (n=36; control group). For each material, 18 frameworks were casted by electromagnetic induction and injected by centrifugation, whereas the other 18 were casted by plasma and injected by vacuum-pressure. For each casting method, three subgroups (n=6) were formed: 0.25 mm, 0.50 mm, and 0.75 mm undercuts. The specimens were radiographed and subjected to an insertion/removal test simulating 5 years of framework use. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's to compare materials and cast methods (&#945;=0.05). RESULTS: Three of 18 specimens of the induction/centrifugation group and 9 of 18 specimens of plasma/vacuum-pressure cast presented porosities, but only 1 and 7 specimens, respectively, were rejected for simulation test. For Co-Cr alloy, no defects were found. Comparing the casting methods, statistically significant differences (