Fat Deposition, Fatty Acid Composition, and Its Relationship with Meat Quality and Human Health

The consumer’s profile has changed, and in recent years, there has been a greater concern for the nutritional quality of meat, especially in relation to fat that compose it. The meat fat composition can contribute to the onset of cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, fat is an essential component in the human diet, as well as providing energy; it contains essential fatty acids (FAs) that must be present in food. The meat nutritional properties are largely related to its fat content and fatty acid composition. In addition, fat gives flavor to food, helps in the absorption of vitamins, and plays an important role in the immune response, for humans, and animals. The fat nutritional and sensory quality in meat that is determined by the fatty acid composition can affect the degree of fat saturation, the storage stability, and flavor. There are several factors that can influence the fatty acid composition, such as animals’ species, breed, sex, and diet, causing various changes in carcass, as well as in tissues and chemical meat composition

Interação genótipo ambiente para perímetro escrotal em bovinos da raça Nelore utilizando normas de reação

O crescente mercado de carne bovina brasileiro tem sinalizado a busca de rebanhos mais produtivos e com maiores proporções de animais precoces ao abate, de grande importância a seleção para precocidade sexual. Existem evidências que o perímetro escrotal está correlacionado, negativa e favoravelmente, com a idade ao primeiro parto de fêmeas. Portanto, a seleção para aumentar o perímetro escrotal, em longo prazo, deve levar a um aumento na precocidade sexual das fêmeas. No Brasil a pressuposição comumente assumida é a ausência de interação genótipo-ambiente (IGA) nas características de interesse econômico para a raça Nelore. Ainda são escassos os estudos de IGA para características de precocidade sexual, como o perímetro escrotal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar a magnitude da IGA sobre o perímetro escrotal ao sobreano em machos da raça Nelore utilizando normas de reação. Foram utilizadas 31.370 medidas de machos da raça Nelore de propriedades localizadas no Sul, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste do Brasil. Os diferentes grupos ou descritores ambientais foram definidos conforme a informação de ano e estação de nascimento, fazenda de origem dos dados e grupo de manejo alimentar (nascimento, desmama e sobreano). Para a estimação dos parâmetros genéticos foi aplicado um modelo animal utilizando análises de regressão aleatória, em análises uni-característica, utilizando polinômios de Legendre como funções base. Para perímetro escrotal foram considerados a idade do animal no momento da avaliação como consequência aleatória foi considerado o efeito genético aditivo do animal. Polinômios de Legendre (de primeiro grau) regredidos sobre os grupos ambientais foram utilizados para modelar o efeito genético aditivo do animal e as (co)variâncias entre a característica estudada nos diferentes ambientes. Foram consideradas classes heterogêneas e homogêneas...The increasing search on growing market for Brazilian Beef are related to herds more productive and availability of animals for slaughter, as consequence more significant importance for sexual precocity selection. The use of indicator's characteristics to sexual precocity in indirect selection can result in improving of reproductive efficiency of females. There is significant evidence that scrotal circumference is correlated, negatively and positively, with age at first calving females. Therefore, the selection for increasing scrotal circumference in long-term should lead to an increase of sexual precocity in females. Nowadays, several Brazilian summaries for Nellore bulls are published with amount of characteristics with focus in economically important traits, including all large data sets of animals distributed in some regions of the country. These genetics evaluations have the assumption, commonly assumed, of absence the genotype-environment interaction (GxE). Although there are few studies of GxE related to indicator's characteristics to sexual precocity, such as scrotal circumference.The objectives of this study was to verify the occurrence of genotype-environment interaction on the scrotal circumference, as well as studying genetic association between this trait in different environments, in animals of Nellore breed using the approach of reaction norms. We used information from 31,370 male Nellore property located in the south-central and southeastern Brazil. The different groups or environmental descriptors were defined according to information year and season of birth, home farm and data feed management group (birth weaning and yearling). For the estimation of genetic parameters was applied an animal model using random regression analyzes in single-trait analyzes, using Legendre polynomials as basis functions. For scrotal circumference were considered the age of the animal at the ..

Coconut husk meal in diets for tambaqui (“Colossoma macropomum”) Farelo de coco em dietas para o tambaqui ("Colossoma macropomum")

This study aimed to evaluate growth performance and economic viability of tambaqui fed different levels of coconut husk meal (0;25;50 and 100). Thus, a 60-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of dietary graded levels of coconut husk meal on growth performance of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and economic viability. One hundred and twenty tambaqui fingerlings with 7.71±0.17g were randomly assigned to 24 150L-aquaria in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments and six replication. Diets were formulated to contain the same content of protein (26% CP), digestible energy (3200kcal DE/kg diet) and crude fiber (8.51%) differing only on the coconut husk meal replacement levels which were 0% (control diet), 25, 50 and 100%. Although no effect of coconut husk meal inclusion were observed for daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and fillet yield, a negative and positive linear regression was significant for hepatossomatic and fat visceral indexes, respectively. The use of coconut husk meal in diets for tambaqui did not affect growth performance and carcass quality parameters. However, it is recommended the replacement of soybean meal to coconut husk meal up to 25% based on the economic evaluation of the diets.<br>Avaliou-se com este trabalho o desempenho produtivo e econômico do tambaqui alimentado com rações que continham 0, 25, 50 e 100% de farelo de coco em substituição ao farelo de soja. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, para avaliar o efeito de dietas com níveis crescentes de farelo de coco sobre o desempenho do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), características de carcaça e na viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados 120 alevinos com peso médio inicial de 7,71±0,17g distribuídos aleatoriamente em 24 aquários de 150L. As dietas formuladas foram isoprotéicas (26% PB), isoenergéticas (3.200kcal ED/kg de ração), e isofíbrilicas (8,51%) com diferença apenas nos níveis de substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de coco, que foram 0(controle), 25, 50 e 100%. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para o ganho em peso diário, consumo diário de ração, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de crescimento especifico, taxa de eficiência protéica e rendimento de filé. Diferente dos resultados obtidos para índice hepatossomático e índice de gordura visceral os quais apresentaram regressão linear negativa e positiva, respectivamente. A inclusão de farelo de coco na dieta do tambaqui não interfere no desempenho e na qualidade de carcaça dos animais, com ocorrência de alterações somente no índice hepatossomático e índice de gordura visceral. Entretanto, a substituição de até 25% do farelo de soja por farelo de coco permite a elaboração de dietas mais viáveis economicamente

Autozygosity islands and ROH patterns in Nellore lineages: evidence of selection for functionally important traits

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to assess genome-wide autozygosity in a Nellore cattle population and to characterize ROH patterns and autozygosity islands that may have occurred due to selection within its lineages. It attempts also to compare estimates of inbreeding calculated from ROH (FROH), genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), and pedigree-based coefficient (FPED). Results The average number of ROH per animal was 55.15 ± 13.01 with an average size of 3.24 Mb. The Nellore genome is composed mostly by a high number of shorter segments accounting for 78% of all ROH, although the proportion of the genome covered by them was relatively small. The genome autozygosity proportion indicates moderate to high inbreeding levels for classical standards, with an average value of 7.15% (178.70 Mb). The average of FPED and FROH, and their correlations (− 0.05 to 0.26) were low. Estimates of correlation between FGRM-FPED was zero, while the correlation (− 0.01 to − 0.07) between FGRM-FROH decreased as a function of ROH length, except for FROH > 8Mb (− 0.03). Overall, inbreeding coefficients were not high for the genotyped animals. Autozygosity islands were evident across the genome (n = 62) and their genomic location did not largely differ within lineages. Enriched terms (p < 0.01) associated with defense response to bacteria (GO:0042742), immune complex reaction (GO:0045647), pregnancy-associated glycoproteins genes (GO:0030163), and organism growth (GO:0040014) were described within the autozygotic islands. Conclusions Low FPED-FROH correlation estimates indicate that FPED is not the most suitable method for capturing ancient inbreeding when the pedigree does not extend back many generations and FROH should be used instead. Enriched terms (p < 0.01) suggest a strong selection for immune response. Non-overlapping islands within the lineages greatly explain the mechanism underlying selection for functionally important traits in Nellore cattle

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data