New Insights Into Dye-sensitized Solar Cells With Polymer Electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes or gel polymer electrolytes are interesting alternatives to substitute liquid electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The interest in this research field is growing continuously, reflected in the increase in the number of papers published each year concerning these materials. This feature article presents a brief review of the history and development of polymer electrolytes aiming at applications in DSSC. Recent improvements achieved by modifications of the composition and by introduction of additives such as inorganic nanofillers, organic molecules and ionic liquids are described. The stabilities of DSSC assembled with these materials are also discussed and further improvements that can be introduced to maximize performance of the solar cell, such as photoelectrode modification, will also be presented. © 2009 The Royal Society of Chemistry.193052795294O'Regan, B., Grätzel, M., (1991) Nature, 353, p. 737Grätzel, M., (2004) J. Photochem. Photobiol. 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Synthesis And Characterization Of Zno And Zno:ga Films And Their Application In Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Highly crystalline ZnO and Ga-modified zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) nanoparticles containing 1, 3 and 5 atom% of Ga 3+ were prepared by precipitation method at low temperature. The films were characterized by XRD, BET, XPS and SEM. No evidence of zinc gallate formation (ZnGa 2O 4), even in the samples containing 5 atom% of gallium, was detected by XRD. XPS data revealed that Ga is present into the ZnO matrix as Ga 3+, according to the characteristic binding energies. The particle size decreased as the gallium level was increased as observed by SEM, which might be related to a faster hydrolysis reaction rate. The smaller particle size provided films with higher porosity and surface area, enabling a higher dye loading. When these films were applied to dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as photoelectrodes, the device based on ZnO:Ga 5 atom% presented an overall conversion efficiency of 6% (at 10 mW cm -2), a three-fold increase compared to the ZnO-based DSSCs under the same conditions. To our knowledge, this is one of the highest efficiencies reported so far for ZnO-based DSSCs. Transient absorption (TAS) study of the photoinduced dynamics of dye-sensitized ZnO:Ga films showed that the higher the gallium content, the higher the amount of dye cation formed, while no significant change on the recombination dynamics was observed. The study indicates that Ga-modification of nanocrystalline ZnO leads to an improvement of photocurrent and overall efficiency in the corresponding device. © 2008 The Royal Society of Chemistry.1114871491O'Regan, B., Gratzel, M., (1991) Nature, 353, p. 737. , -740Kroon, J.M., Bakker, N.J., Smit, H.J.P., Liska, P., Thampi, K.R., Wang, P., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Tulloch, G.E., (2007) Prog. Photovoltaics, 15, p. 1. , -18Ma, T., Akiyama, M., Abe, E., Imai, I., (2005) Nano Lett., 5, p. 2543. , -2547Ko, K.H., Lee, Y.C., Jung, Y.J., (2005) J. Colloid Interface Sci., 283, p. 482. , -487Kakiuchi, K., Hosono, E., Fujihara, S., (2006) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 179, p. 81. , -86Keis, K., Magnusson, E., Lindstrom, H., Lindquist, S.-E., Hagfeldt, A., (2002) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 73, p. 51. , -58Horiuchi, H., Katoh, R., Hara, K., Yanagida, M., Murata, S., Arakawa, H., Tachiya, M., (2003) J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, p. 2570. , -2574Katoh, R., Furube, A., Tamaki, Y., Yoshihara, T., Murai, M., Hara, K., Murata, S., Tachiya, M., (2004) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 166, p. 69. , -74Keis, K., Vayssieres, L., Rensmo, H., Lindquist, S.-E., Hagfeldt, A., (2001) J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, p. 149. , -A155Rensmo, H., Keis, K., Lindstrom, H., Sodergren, S., Solbrand, A., Hagfeldt, A., Lindquist, S.E., Muhammed, M., (1997) J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, p. 2598. , -2601Minami, T., Sato, H., Nanto, H., Takata, S., (1985) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 24, p. 781. , -L784Park, S.-M., Ikegami, T., Ebihara, K., (2006) Thin Solid Films, 513, p. 90. , -94Nonaka, M., Matsushima, S., Mizuno, M., Kobayashi, K., (2002) Chem. Lett., p. 580. , -581Ohkita, H., Cook, S., Ford, T.A., Greenham, N.C., Durrant, J.R., (2006) J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 182, p. 225. , -230Haque, S.A., Tachibana, Y., Willis, R.L., Moser, J.E., Gratzel, M., Klug, D.R., Durrant, J.R., (2000) J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, p. 538. , -547Haque, S.A., Tachibana, Y., Klug, D.R., Durrant, J.R., (1998) J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, p. 1745. , -1749Gonçalves, A.S., Lima, S.A.M., Davolos, M.R., Antônio, S.G., Paiva-Santos, C.O., (2006) J. Solid State Chem., 179, p. 1330. , -1334Roberts, N., Wang, R.P., Sleight, A.W., Warren, W.W., (1998) Phys. Rev. B, 57, p. 5734Wang, R., Sleight, A.W., Cleary, D., (1996) Chem. Mater., 8, p. 433. , -439Passlack, M., Schubert, E.F., Hobson, W.S., Hong, M., Moriya, N., Chu, S.N.G., Konstadinidis, K., Zydzik, G.J., (1995) J. Appl. Phys., 77, p. 686. , -693Bhosle, V., Tiwari, A., Narayan, J., (2006) J. Appl. Phys., 100, p. 033713. , -033716Nazeeruddin, M.K., Kay, A., Rodicio, I., Humphrybaker, R., Muller, E., Liska, P., Vlachopoulos, N., Gratzel, M., (1993) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, p. 6382. , -6390Imai, Y., Watanabe, A., (2005) J. Mater. Sci., 15, p. 743. , -749Willis, R.L., Olson, C., O'Regan, B., Lutz, T., Nelson, J., Durrant, J.R., (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, p. 7605. , -7613Green, A.N.M., Palomares, E., Haque, S.A., Kroon, J.M., Durrant, J.R., (2005) J. Phys. Chem. B, 109, p. 12525. , -1253

Incorporation Of Nanocrystals With Different Dimensionalities In Hybrid Tio2/p3ht Solar Cells

We investigate the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles-nanospheres and nanorods-inserted in the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) matrix of TiO2?P3HT inverted hybrid solar cells. X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, small-angle x-ray scattering, photoluminescence, and photoelectrochemical experiments were employed to investigate the structure, morphology, and photoactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles modified with 2-thiopheneacetic acid, mixed or not with P3HT. Both TiO2 nanospheres and TiO2 nanorods presented a good dispersion in the polymer matrix. The incorporation of TiO2 nanospheres and nanorods has improved the photocurrent generation, and devices with efficiency values up to 1.35% were obtained. Our results reveal that the nanoscale morphology enables an enhanced interfacial area for exciton dissociation. 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Infrastructure for Detector Research and Development towards the International Linear Collider

The EUDET-project was launched to create an infrastructure for developing and testing new and advanced detector technologies to be used at a future linear collider. The aim was to make possible experimentation and analysis of data for institutes, which otherwise could not be realized due to lack of resources. The infrastructure comprised an analysis and software network, and instrumentation infrastructures for tracking detectors as well as for calorimetry.Comment: 54 pages, 48 picture