Violência doméstica e sexual em mulheres e suas repercussões na fase do climatério

INTRODUCTION: domestic violence and, particularly, sex can result in higher incidence of comorbidities in the climacteric. OBJECTIVE: to assess the effects of menopause on sexual and domestic violence. METHODS: sectional study in 124 postmenopausal women between 40 and 65, who suffered domestic violence and / or sexual, and a control group (124) composed (climacteric women who did not suffer violence) (N=120). Those who exposed to violence were divided into three groups 1 violence experienced in childhood and adolescence 2- adult phase 3- both phases. Subsequently a questionnaire on domestic and sexual violence was applied.Correlation was established for the intensity of climacteric symptoms measured with Menopausal Kupperman Index (MKI), type of violence experienced, stage of life exposesd to violence comorbidities during menopause, and women's perceptions about the quality of assistance received from the various professionals after the traumatic events. In the control group MKI and number of comorbidities were evaluated. RESULTS: those who have experienced violence in childhood/adolescence have average of 5.1 comorbidities; adulthood 4.6, and 4.4 in both phases, with a median of 5.0 in all phases, without violence (control) 2.8. The victims of sexual violence have more comorbidities compared those who underwent other types of violence. There were significant associations between having suffered any kind of violence in both phases and MKI serious and have suffered sexual violence at any stage of life, and MKI at least moderate. CONCLUSION: women who have experienced domestic and sexual violence have more comorbidities and MKI high compared to the control group.INTRODUÇÃO: a violência doméstica e, particularmente, a sexual pode implicar em maior ocorrência de comorbidades no climatério. OBJETIVO: avaliar as repercussões no climatério da violência domestica e sexual. MÉTODO: estudo transversal em 124 mulheres menopausadas, entre 40 e 65 anos, que sofreram violência doméstica e/ou sexual, e um grupo controle (mulheres na menopausa que não sofreram violência n=120). As expostas à violência foram divididas em três grupos: 1-violência sofrida na infância e/ou adolescência, 2-fase adulta, 3-ambas as fases, e aplicou-se questionário sobre violência doméstica e sexual. Correlacionou-se a intensidade dos sintomas climatéricos medido pelo Índice Menopausal de Kupperman (IK), tipo de violência sofrida, fase da vida exposta à violência, comorbidades apresentadas no climatério e percepções da mulher sobre a forma com que os diversos profissionais acolheram ou não nos eventos traumáticos. No grupo controle avaliamos IK e numero de comorbidades. RESULTADOS: aquelas que sofreram violência na infância/adolescência apresentam media de 5,1 comorbidades; na fase adulta 4,6; e em ambas as fases 4,4, com mediana de 5,0 em todas as fases; sem violência (controle) 2,8. As que sofreram violência sexual apresentam mais comorbidades em relação aquelas que sofreram outros tipos de violência. Houve associações significativas entre ter sofrido qualquer tipo de violência em ambas às fases e IK grave e ter sofrido violência sexual em qualquer fase da vida, e IK no mínimo moderado. CONCLUSÃO: mulheres que sofreram violência doméstica e sexual apresentam mais comorbidades e IK elevado em relação ao grupo controle

Hydatidiform mole resulting from sexual violence

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hydatidiform mole (HM) is characterized by abnormal proliferation of human trophoblast with producers functioning tissues of human chorionic gonadotropin. It can evolve with ovarian cysts tecaluteínicos, hypertension of pregnancy or hyperthyroidism. The incidence of HM is variable and its etiology poorly known, associated with nutritional factors, environmental, age, parity, history of HM, oral contraceptives, smoking, consanguinity or defects in germ cells. There is no reference in literature on HM resulting from sexual violence, objective of this report.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Description of two cases of HM among 1146 patients with pregnancy resulting from sexual violence treated at Hospital Pérola Byington, São Paulo, from July 1994 to August 2011.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The cases affected young, white, unmarried, low educated and low parity women. Sexual violence was perpetrated by known offenders unrelated to the victims, under death threat. Ultrasound and CT of the pelvis showed bulky uterus compatible with HM without myometrial invasion. One case was associated with theca lutein cysts. The two cases were diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy and evolved with hyperthyroidism. There was no hypertension, disease recurrence, metastasis or sexually transmitted infection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The incidence of HM was 1:573 pregnancies resulting from rape, within the range estimated for Latin American countries. Trophoblastic material can be preserved to identify the violence perpetrator, considering only the paternal HM chromosomes. History of sexual violence should be investigated in cases of HM in the first half of adolescence and women in a vulnerable condition.</p

Mortality due to breast cancer among women aged 50 years old and more State of São Paulo 1979 to 1997.

Este trabalho é um estudo descritivo de série temporal sobre mortalidade por câncer de mama de mulheres com idade igual e superior a 50 anos, no Estado de São Paulo, segundo distribuição na região metropolitana e interior A partir de informações obtidas no Banco de Dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) DATASUS/CENEPI, e de outras fontes subsidiárias, foi estudada sua evolução, por triênios, no período de 1979 a 1997. No Estado de São Paulo, as estatísticas demonstram que a mortalidade por câncer de mama na população feminina, no segmento etário estudado, apresentou tendência de aumento mais acentuado na região metropolitana (56,57%). Maiores coeficientes observaram-se no grupo etário igual e acima de 75 anos, cujo coeficiente de mortalidade, no último triênio, revelou crescimento (47,65%), sobretudo na região metropolitana, não obstante a expansão de programas de rastreamento e as intervenções eficazes sobre as doenças e as lesões pré-malignas. As taxas de mortalidade específicas por grupos etários, calculadas para os quatro triênios, evidenciam que o risco de morte por câncer de mama não aumentou continuamente com a idade, oscilando entre os grupos etários, em mulheres acima de 50 anos. Comparam-se os dados brasileiros com os internacionais e tiram-se conclusões, como a que inclui o Brasil no mesmo nível dos países desenvolvidos, quanto às elevadas taxas de mortalidade por esta neoplasia, mas não na consecução de medidas necessárias à prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e controle da doença. Além de comentários sobre os dados estatísticos, é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores de risco da doença. Sugestões são apresentadas, em particular a importância de políticas públicas de saúde voltadas ao grupo feminino na faixa etária acima de 50 anos, dadas as necessidades específicas que apresenta, e que incluem medidas preventivas e de diagnóstico precoce de câncer de mama.This research is a descriptive temporalseries study about mortality due to breast cancer among women aged 50 years old and more in the State of São Paulo, according to the distribution in the metropolitan area and the countryside. From informations obtained at the Banco de Dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) DATASUS/CENEPI, and from other subsidiary sources, its evolution was studied, in a triennial fashion, in the period between 1979 and 1997. In the State of São Paulo, the data show that mortality due to breast cancer in the female population, in the age group studied, presented a trend toward a sharper increase in the metropolitan area (56,57%). Higher coeficients were observed in the 75-years-old or more age group, whose mortality coeficient, in the last triennial, revealed an increase (47,65%), most of all in the metropolitan area, in spite of the expansion of screening programs and the efficient interventions on the pre-malignant diseases and lesions. The specific mortality rates for age groups, calculated for the four triennials, demonstrate that the risk of death due to breast cancer didn't raise in a continual fashion with the age, oscillating among the age groups, in women over 50 years old. The brazilian and the international data are compared, and conclusions are drawn, like that which includes Brazil in the same level as developed countries, as for the high mortality rates due to this neoplasm, but not as for the execution of the necessary measures destinated to prevention, early diagnosis and control of this disease. Beyond the comments about the statistical data, a bibliographic review is carried on about this disease risk factors. Suggestions are presented, in particular the mportance of public health politics towards the female group in the age group over 50 years old, given the specific needs they present, which include preventive and breast cancer early diagnosis measures

Mortality due to breast cancer among women aged 50 years old and more – State of São Paulo – 1979 to 1997.

Este trabalho é um estudo descritivo de série temporal sobre mortalidade por câncer de mama de mulheres com idade igual e superior a 50 anos, no Estado de São Paulo, segundo distribuição na região metropolitana e interior A partir de informações obtidas no Banco de Dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) – DATASUS/CENEPI, e de outras fontes subsidiárias, foi estudada sua evolução, por triênios, no período de 1979 a 1997. No Estado de São Paulo, as estatísticas demonstram que a mortalidade por câncer de mama na população feminina, no segmento etário estudado, apresentou tendência de aumento mais acentuado na região metropolitana (56,57%). Maiores coeficientes observaram-se no grupo etário igual e acima de 75 anos, cujo coeficiente de mortalidade, no último triênio, revelou crescimento (47,65%), sobretudo na região metropolitana, não obstante a expansão de programas de rastreamento e as intervenções eficazes sobre as doenças e as lesões pré-malignas. As taxas de mortalidade específicas por grupos etários, calculadas para os quatro triênios, evidenciam que o risco de morte por câncer de mama não aumentou continuamente com a idade, oscilando entre os grupos etários, em mulheres acima de 50 anos. Comparam-se os dados brasileiros com os internacionais e tiram-se conclusões, como a que inclui o Brasil no mesmo nível dos países desenvolvidos, quanto às elevadas taxas de mortalidade por esta neoplasia, mas não na consecução de medidas necessárias à prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e controle da doença. Além de comentários sobre os dados estatísticos, é feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os fatores de risco da doença. Sugestões são apresentadas, em particular a importância de políticas públicas de saúde voltadas ao grupo feminino na faixa etária acima de 50 anos, dadas as necessidades específicas que apresenta, e que incluem medidas preventivas e de diagnóstico precoce de câncer de mama.This research is a descriptive temporal–series study about mortality due to breast cancer among women aged 50 years old and more in the State of São Paulo, according to the distribution in the metropolitan area and the countryside. From informations obtained at the Banco de Dados do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) – DATASUS/CENEPI, and from other subsidiary sources, its evolution was studied, in a triennial fashion, in the period between 1979 and 1997. In the State of São Paulo, the data show that mortality due to breast cancer in the female population, in the age group studied, presented a trend toward a sharper increase in the metropolitan area (56,57%). Higher coeficients were observed in the 75-years-old or more age group, whose mortality coeficient, in the last triennial, revealed an increase (47,65%), most of all in the metropolitan area, in spite of the expansion of screening programs and the efficient interventions on the pre-malignant diseases and lesions. The specific mortality rates for age groups, calculated for the four triennials, demonstrate that the risk of death due to breast cancer didn't raise in a continual fashion with the age, oscillating among the age groups, in women over 50 years old. The brazilian and the international data are compared, and conclusions are drawn, like that which includes Brazil in the same level as developed countries, as for the high mortality rates due to this neoplasm, but not as for the execution of the necessary measures destinated to prevention, early diagnosis and control of this disease. Beyond the comments about the statistical data, a bibliographic review is carried on about this disease risk factors. Suggestions are presented, in particular the mportance of public health politics towards the female group in the age group over 50 years old, given the specific needs they present, which include preventive and breast cancer early diagnosis measures

Sleep disorders in climacteric women

Introduction: This paper examines the various factors that contribute to the occurrence of sleep alterations during peri and post climacteric and thus produce significant imperil to women's quality of life. Among the probable causes of insomnia or sleep disorders associated to climacteric stand out the occurrence of vasomotor symptoms, depressive state and respiratory distress during sleep, such as sleep apnea, along with chronic pain, although psychosocial factors related to the climacteric bear major influence on such clinical status. Method: The bibliographic analysis was carried out using several electronic data base namely: Cochrane, Medline, Embase, Bni Plus, Biological Abstracts, Psycinfo, Web Of Science, Sigle, Dissertation Abstracts and ZETOC published in English, Spanish and Poruguese. The key terms used were: sleep, REM sleep, slow wave sleep polysomnography; electroencephalogram; sleep disturbances; disturbances of sleep onset and maintenance; excessive somnolence disturbances; climacteric; menopause; depression; neurobiology; biologic models; circadian rhythm; mental health and epidemiology. Case studies and letters to the editor were excluded. The summaries of the identified studies found in the data base were analyzed and assessed, and the data analyzed separately according to the subjective or objective criteria for data collection. Results: The climacteric transition constitutes a period of major risk for the development of depressive, vasomotor and insomnia symptoms although not caused solely by hypoestrogenism. The diagnostic methods used in the study of sleep disorders range from subjective assessment by means of response to specific questionnaires to the objective analysis of actigraphic or polissonographic daytime and nocturnal reports. Polissonographic studies of the whole night, performed at the laboratory, are the golden method of choice for diagnostic of sleep disorders. Studies point to the high prevalence of sleep disorders in the climacteric, especially insomnia, apnea and periodic movement of legs and also to the fact that this phase of life presents decrease in the quality of sleep. Women in peri and post climacteric show higher sleep latency and difficulty in its maintenance and refer being less satisfied with its quality even when compared to those who are not climacteric. Exception made to the vasomotor symptomatology, the other climacteric complaints such as mood disturbances, libido alterations, cognitive deficit, articular pain and sleep disorders are markedly associated to psychosocial factors, lifestyle and especially to women's perception of what the climacteric means to their lives. Conclusion: The analysis of the available studies revealed a proneness to deterioration of quality of life of climacteric women markedly in the sleep disturbances, depressed mood and anxiety domains and should not to be basically attributed to the climacteric. It is necessary that the professionals consider the need of assessment of such pathologies as complex phenomena and the literature lacks studies contemplating such dimensions

Construction and validation of an instrument that breaks the silence: the impact of domestic and/or sexual violence on women's health, as shown during climacterium

Objective: The aim of this study was to construct and to validate a measure of the consequences of domestic violence on women's health during climacterium. Methods: A questionnaire was administered at the Outpatient Climacterium Clinic to 124 women aged 40 to 65 years who were the victims of domestic and/or sexual violence (experimental group). They were divided into three groups: (1) those who were victims of violence exclusively during childhood/adolescence, (2) those who were victims of violence exclusively during adulthood, and (3) those who were victims of violence throughout their lives. The instrument included 34 items evaluating the beginning, frequency, and type of violence; the search for health assistance and reporting of the violence; the violence and the number of comorbidities; and violence and the Kupperman Menopausal Index. We also included a control group composed of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women who did not experience any violence (n = 120). Results: The instrument presented a Cronbach alpha = 0.82, good reliability among the examiners (+0.80), and a good possibility of reproducibility. The mean age of menopause was 45.4 years, and the mean age in the control group was 48.1 years. Group 1 showed a mean of 5.1 comorbidities, Group 2 had 4.6, and Group 3 had 4.4. Sexual violence (43.5%) and other types of violence both presented average comorbidities (4.60) but represented a significant impairment in the victim's sexual life. There were significant associations in group 3 and a high Kupperman Menopausal Index score. In the experimental group, 80.6% did not seek health services for the violence they experienced. Conclusions: The questionnaire presented good internal consistency and a validated construction. It can be easily reproduced and is indicated to evaluate the consequences of domestic and/or sexual violence on women's health during climacterium.National Council for Scientific and Technological DevelopmentNational Council for Scientific and Technological DevelopmentNational Research Council (CNPq/DECIT)National Research Council (CNPq/DECIT