Extraction of total carbohydrates by solvents from the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and analysis of the influence of NaNO3 and photoperiods on microalgae cell growth

The development of new resources for ethanol production has been changing over the years, and microalgae use has become one of the most ecological alternatives. Microalgae are increasingly being used due to their biochemical composition, rich in carbohydrates and proteins, in addition to several properties such as high CO2 absorption capacity. One of the most cultivated and studied microalgae today is Chlorella vulgaris since it has high growth rates and can be cultivated in different environments and conditions. Therefore, microalgae biomass is composed of potential ingredients for the production of biofuels. Considering the above, the objective of this work is to extract the total carbohydrates stored in the cellular structure of the microalgae by the organic solvent extraction method, hexane/ethanol (1:2) and by ionic liquid/ethanol (1:2), evaluating different conditions of microalgae cultivation. For this, 9 experiments were carried out, varying according to the culture medium in which the microalgae were introduced, containing BG-11 medium with different concentrations of NaNO3 (sodium nitrate) and forced aeration, in addition to different cultivation photoperiods. The reading of the results showed that the breakdown of the microalgae cell wall was better with acid hydrolysis and extraction with hexane. Thus, the highest efficiency in the extraction of carbohydrates was with a sodium nitrate concentration of 2300 and a photoperiod of 16 hours, during the entire period evaluated

Mapeamento das tendências de patenteamento de enzimas celulolíticas / Mapping of cellulolytic enzyme patenting trends

A produção de enzimas tem sido de interesse na academia e na indústria, refletida pelo aumento de publicações científicas e divulgações de patentes na última década. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as tendências de patenteamento de enzimas, a fim de observar o progresso da ciência e da tecnologia. Foram analisadas patentes em dois importantes bancos de dados o Espacenet Patent search e do INPI do Brasil encontrando 276 documentos e pedidos de patentes. No entanto, após a análise do conteúdo da patente, as patentes incapazes de atender aos critérios de inclusão foram eliminadas restando 46 patentes de produção de enzimas celulolíticas que foram mapeadas e classificas. As patentes foram classificadas de acordo com a frequência e o país de origem; principais microrganismos utilizados; os tipos de celulases produzidas; de fermentação; as variáveis que mais influenciam na produção das enzimas, como pH, temperatura, matriz enzimática e espécie de microrganismo.

Microalgae: cultivation aspects and bioactive compounds

Microalgae are aquatic unicellular microorganisms that can be found both in freshwater and marine systems; are capable of photosynthesis; and can grow as individual cells or associated in chains or small colonies. Microalgae cultivation has gained large momentum among researchers in the past decades due to their ability to produce value metabolites, remarkable photosynthetic efficiency, and versatile nature. The wide technological potential, and thus increasing amount of scattered knowledge, may become the very first barrier that a post graduating student, or any non-specialist reader, will face when introduced to the subject. In this review paper, we access the core aspects of microalgae technology, covering their main characteristics, and comprehensively presenting the main features of their various cultivation modes and biological activity from metabolites62CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES152962/2018-2sem informaçã

Cultivo da microalga Scenedesmus sp. em manipueira para produção de lipídios / Cultivation of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. en manipu-meal for lipid production

O presente estudo busca analisar alguns fatores que influenciam no processo de crescimento da biomassa da microalga Scenedesmus sp. em meio suplementado com manipueira em diferentes concentrações diluídas em meio sintético ASM-1, avaliando assim a densidade celular e o conteúdo lipídico. A Scenedesmus sp. foi cultivada assepticamente durante 12 dias em diferentes concentrações de manipueira. Os meios de cultivos suplementados com manipueira (5% e 10%) apresentaram melhor eficiência na produção de biomassa seca de microalgas em comparação ao meio de cultivo sintético sem o efluente

Isolamento e seleção de microrganismos produtores de enzimas celulolíticas / Isolation and selection of cellulolytic enzyme-producing microorganisms

As enzimas celulolíticas apresentam um vasto campo de aplicação, sendo consideradas de grande importância biotecnológica. As enzimas podem ser de origem animal, vegetal e microbiana, sendo esta a obtenção mais vantajosa. O objetivo do trabalho foi selecionar e caracterizar microrganismos potenciais produtores de enzimas celulolíticas, utilizando a casca do coco, abacaxi podre, amostras de solo e troncos de árvores como fonte de isolamento. O isolamento foi realizado através da técnica de semeadura por esgotamento em placas de PDA e NA. Os isolados foram caracterizados macro e microscopicamente, e também avaliado quanto à capacidade de apresentar atividade celulolítica. A técnica de isolamento apresentou seis cepas com capacidade de excretar enzimas celulolíticas, com destaque para os isolados 5 e 12 que obtiveram valor de índice enzimático de 12 e 9,3, respectivamente, contribuindo positivamente para uma necessidade atual do mercado em buscar novos microrganismos produtores com alta atividade enzimática

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background: Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods: We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings: 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation: This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group