18 research outputs found

    Traumatic Penumbra: Opportunities for Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative Processes

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    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Understanding the pathophysiology of TBI is crucial for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. At the moment of the traumatic impact, transfer of kinetic forces causes neurologic damage; this primary injury triggers a secondary wave of biochemical cascades, together with metabolic and cellular changes, called secondary neural injury. These areas of ongoing secondary injury, or areas of “traumatic penumbra,” represent crucial targets for therapeutic interventions. This chapter is focused on the interplay between progression of parenchymal injury and the neuroprotective and neurorestorative processes that are emerging and developing subsequently to traumatic impact. Thus, we emphasized the role of traumatic penumbra in TBI pathogenesis and suggested a crucial contribution of the neurovascular units (NVUs) and paracrine effects of exosomes and miRNAs in promoting neurological recovery

    Improving the Therapeutic Ability of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Conditions Influenced by Immune Cells

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    Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been initially described decades ago as fibroblastic precursors that could be isolated from the bone marrow and establish cultures of fibroblastic cells. These fibroblastic cells were shown tosupport hematopoiesis in vitro, which is a characteristic of stromal cells, and, later, to give rise to mature mesenchymal cells such as bone, cartilage, and fat cells when cultured under appropriate conditions. The proposition that a mesenchymal stem cell exists in postnatal bone marrow and other tissues asblood vessel-associated cells provided further momentum to research on these cells, as well as divergences on how to call them. The impetus of using MSCs to replace cells lost in various types of conditions eventually decreased, as the therapeutic benefits provided by these cells were found to be mostly due to the secretion of paracrine signaling molecules,which can be carried by extracellular vesicles. In the meantime, MSCs were found to modulate the behavior of immunecells by means of secretion of molecules that could, in different scenarios, inhibit the activation of T cells that promote adaptive immune responses. Subsequently, the effects of MSCs on other cells of the immune system were alsodescribed. Today, a number of clinical trials using MSCs to treat conditions influenced by immune cells are under way. While preclinical data indicates that MSCs have important immunomodulatory properties, further studies are still in progress to increase the knowledge on the differences regarding the action of MSCs on immune cells according to their tissue of origin, on how MSCs exert their effects on the different types of immune cells, and on ways to improve the outcome of conditions influenced by immune cells when treated using MSCS.Fil: da Silva Meirelles, Lindolfo. Universidad Luterana; BrasilFil: Bolontrade, Marcela Fabiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Oficina de Coordinacion Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica. - Hospital Italiano. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica. - Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Medicina Traslacional E Ingenieria Biomedica.; ArgentinaFil: Medeiros Markoski, Melissa. Universidad Federal de Ciencias de la Salud ; BrasilFil: Dallagiovanna, Bruno. Carlos Chagas Institute - Fiocruz; BrasilFil: Alaniz, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; Argentin

    Biologia de células-tronco mesenquimais pós-natais

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    Células-tronco mesenquimais (MSCs) são um tipo de célula-tronco pós-natal que se mostram muito promissoras como ferramentas terapêuticas porque elas exibem grande plasticidade, e podem ser isoladas e manipuladas de modo reprodutível e com poucos ou nenhum problema ético. Elas foram inicialmente descritas há mais de 30 anos, sob a designação de unidades formadoras de colônia de fibroblasto, e a maior parte do nosso conhecimento sobre elas advém de estudos in vitro. Compreender o comportamento das MSCs in vivo. é um fator chave para o desenvolvimento de terapias celulares eficientes e para engenharia tecidual. Atualmente, as localização e função reais de MSCs in vivo ainda são pouco compreendidas. Em uma tentativa de melhor compreender a biologia da MSC, células apresentando características de tronco mesenquimal foram isoladas de vários tecidos diferentes de camundongos adultos, e foram caracterizadas in vitro. Os resultados obtidos, conjuntamente com dados da literatura, indicaram que as populações celulares obtidas eram derivadas da vasculatura, mais especificamente da região perivascular. Conseqüentemente, um modelo em que células perivascular ao longo dos vasos sangüíneos constituem uma reserva de células tronco/progenitoras para os tecidos a que pertencem foi concebido. Constatou-se que o conteúdo de DNA das células cultivadas era, em geral, tetraplóide, e esse resultado foi tomado como mais uma evidência a favor da visão de MSCs como células perivasculares, uma vez que tetraploidização em células perivasculares in vivo foi relatada como sendo usual em roedores. Uma análise das evidências indicando ligações entre MSCs e pericitos também foi realizada. Finalmente, constatou-se que MSCs humanas inseridas em cubos de cerâmica e implantadas em camundongos imunocomprometidos assumem uma localização perivascular, além de gerar tecido ósseo, dando mais embasamento para a visão de que MSCs cultivadas in vitro descendem de células perivasculares. Tomados em conjunto, as informações obtidas indicam que o compartimento perivascular abriga células tronco/progenitoras ao longo de toda sua extensão, e que MSCs isoladas classicamente da medula óssea são provavelmente um subtipo de célula-tronco perivascular.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of post-natal stem cell that holds great promise as therapeutic tools because they exhibit great plasticity, and can be isolated and manipulated in a reproducible fashion with little or no ethical issues. They were initially described more than 30 years ago, under the designation of colony-forming unitfibroblasts, and most of our current knowledge on them comes from in vitro studies. Understanding the behavior of MSCs in vivo is a key factor for the development of efficient cell-based therapies and for tissue engineering. To date, the actual location and function of MSCs in vivo are still poorly understood. In an attempt to better understand MSC biology, cells bearing mesenchymal stem characteristics were isolated from several different tissues of adult mice and were characterized in vitro. The results obtained, along with data from the literature, indicated the cell populations obtained were derived from the vasculature, more specifically from the perivascular region. As a consequence, a theoretical model in which perivascular cells along the blood vessels constitute a reservoir of stem/progenitor cells for the tissues where they belong was drawn. The DNA content of the cultured cells was found to be generally tetraploid, and this finding was taken as one more evidence towards the view of MSCs as perivascular cells, since tetraploidization in perivascular cells in vivo has been reported as usual in rodents. An analysis of the evidences indicating links between MSCs and pericytes was also performed. Finally, human MSCs loaded in ceramic cubes and implanted into immunocompromised mice were found to take up perivascular locations in addition to generate osseous tissue, providing further support for the view that in vitro cultured MSCs descend from perivascular cells. Taken together, the informations obtained indicate that the perivascular compartment harbors stem/progenitor cells throughout its extent, and that MSCs classically isolated from bone marrow are probably one subtype of perivascular stem cell

    Caracterização de células-tronco mesenquimais de camundongos normais e do modelo murino de MPS I

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    Existe um interesse crescente pelo controle das condições de cultivo necessárias para a expansão de células-tronco de indivíduos adultos devido ao grande potencial para o desenvolvimento de pesquisa básica e de aplicações terapêuticas apresentado pelas mesmas. Atualmente, a literatura apresenta poucos trabalhos que detalhem a biologia da célula-tronco mesenquimal (MSC) de camundongo, revelando a necessidade de estudos voltados para este tema. Quatro culturas de longa duração foram produzidas com células da medula óssea de camundongos normais e IDUA knock-out através de técnicas de cultivo relativamente simples. Estas culturas puderam ser mantidas por até 40 passagens, e demonstraram ser morfologicamente homogêneas. Células dessas culturas puderam ser induzidas a diferenciarem-se ao longo de vias de diferenciação adipogênica e osteogênica, e revelaram ser capazes de suportar o crescimento e a proliferação de células-tronco hematopoiéticas. Por apresentarem tais características funcionais, essas populações celulares foram operacionalmente definidas como MSCs. Quando o repertório de marcadores de superfície dessas células foi observado por meio de citometria de fluxo, verificou-se que elas eram positivas para Sca-1, CD29, CD44 e CD49e, e eram negativas para CD11b, CD13, CD18, CD19, CD31, CD45, CD49d e Gr-1 Este perfil de moléculas de superfície assemelha-se àquele descrito para a MSC humana, e indica ausência de contaminantes hematopoiéticos. Uma verificação preliminar da freqüência da MSC na medula óssea de camundongo foi realizada, trazendo a estimativa de que uma MSC está presente numa faixa de 11.000 – 27.000 células. Finalmente, os dados revelaram que não há diferenças imediatamente perceptíveis entre camundongos normais e do modelo murino de MPS I no tocante à MSC, o que indica que os trabalhos futuros visando à correção da deficiência de α-L-iduronidase neste modelo utilizando a MSC são viáveis. O estabelecimento da metodologia para o cultivo e expansão da MSC murina através de técnicas simples vem preencher uma lacuna existente no campo dos modelos experimentais animais, trazendo novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de terapia celular/genética em modelos experimentais murinos

    Neurotrauma: The Crosstalk between Neurotrophins and Inflammation in the Acutely Injured Brain

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    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young individuals worldwide. Understanding the pathophysiology of neurotrauma is crucial for the development of more effective therapeutic strategies. After the trauma occurs, immediate neurologic damage is produced by the traumatic forces; this primary injury triggers a secondary wave of biochemical cascades together with metabolic and cellular changes, called secondary neural injury. In the scenario of the acutely injured brain, the ongoing secondary injury results in ischemia and edema culminating in an uncontrollable increase in intracranial pressure. These areas of secondary injury progression, or areas of “traumatic penumbra”, represent crucial targets for therapeutic interventions. Neurotrophins are a class of signaling molecules that promote survival and/or maintenance of neurons. They also stimulate axonal growth, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter synthesis and release. Therefore, this review focuses on the role of neurotrophins in the acute post-injury response. Here, we discuss possible endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms of neurotrophins in the prevailing environment surrounding the injured areas, and highlight the crosstalk between neurotrophins and inflammation with focus on neurovascular unit cells, particularly pericytes. The perspective is that neurotrophins may represent promising targets for research on neuroprotective and neurorestorative processes in the short-term following TBI
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