Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing for Clostridium Difficile Iraqi Isolation by using Disk Diffusion Method

Multidrug resistance were investigated in 75 Clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected during the period of first of June 2013 till the end of april 2014. These isolates show ( 100% ) resistance to Colistin, Nalidixic acid, Cefotaxime, gentamycin, and high resistance to Clindamycin(95%), Ciprofloxacin(88%) , and moderate resistance to Erythromycin (65%), Ampicillin (53%), while show good sensitive to chloramphenicol ( 80%), and among these antibiotics, Vancomycin and metronidazol was the most effective antibiotic against Cdifficile isolates with high sensitivity (100%) ,(95%) respectively. Keywords: antibiotics, resistance , Clostridium difficile

Therapeutic Comparison Between Alcoholic and Aqueous Plant Extract of Tannins with Metronidazole in Experimentally Infected Laboratory Mice Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts

The current study was conducted during the period between from the beginning of October 2021 until the end of March 2022. The aim of the study was to measure the therapeutic efficacy of alcoholic and aqueous extracts from the local tannins Cupressus sempervirens for the treatment of experimental infected laboratory mice with Cryptosporidiosis. Through a significant decrease in the number of Oocyst of the parasite that causes infection Cryptosporidium parvum after oral administration of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts with three concentrations (2, 1.3, 1) mg/ml compared to MTZ drug, as the alcoholic extract proved its efficacy by stopping the shedding of parasite Oocyst at the ninth day of treatment with its total absence on the eleventh day of treatment, while the shedding of parasite Oocysts in the group treated with aqueous extract stopped on the eleventh day and completely absent on the thirteenth day of infection

RWMSI (Read Exclusive Write Exclusive Modified Shared Invalid) Cache Coherence Protocol

This paper proposes a novel coherence protocol RWMSI (Read exclusive Write exclusive Modified Shared Invalid) that merges “snooping and directory – based coherence protocols “and enhanced them depending on the state of “MESI snooping protocol “. “ Coherence” is implemented with “snooping or directory based protocols “. Because of the shared bus the “ Snooping protocols “ are not scalable , while directory protocols incur directory storage overhead , frequent indirections , and are more prone to design bugs

PCR for Detection of Clostridium difficile toxin A (tcdA)and toxin B (tcdB) genes in Iraq

Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Colitis, occurring after exposure to antibiotics . Although there are many diagnostic methods ,the nucleic acid-based approach has been largely performed in several laboratories, due to its high sensitivity and specificity as well as rapid . This is the first study in Iraq for detection of toxins A&B genes, and to focuses on diagnosis of C. difficile by PCR method to confirmed isolation were tested previously by culturing , Api20A and ELISA methods .Results show that all 75 positive isolation previously tested ,were having toxin A(tcdA) and toxinB(tcdB) genes . The results suggested that the combination of sample processing with the high-performance detection method would be applicable for routine diagnostic use in clinical setting. Keywords: Clostridium difficile , PCR, Api20A , ELISA 

Determination the Pathogenicity of C.difficile Isolates among Mice

Clostridium difficile is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, the disease is caused mainly by two exotoxins, TcdA and TcdB, produced by the bacteria. Recurrent C. difficile infection (CDI) constitutes one of the most significant clinical issues of this disease . This study aimed to Determination the pathological effects of C. difficile in mice, the results shown  that bacterial dose 1x106 CFU\ml led to 50% death within (2-4) days post infection and 100% developed diarrhea ,that would cause infection but not universal lethality . In conclusion, we have established a mouse  CDI model that allows for future investigations of the role of the host immuneresponse in the disease’s pathogenesis and permits critical testing of new therapeutics targeting recurrent disease. Keywords: C.difficile, dose, pathological  effects, mouse

Evaluation of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Alcoholic Extract of Tannins (Before and After Acidosis) on Laboratory Mice Experimentally Infected with the Parasite Cryptosporidium parvum

Plants extracts are the one of the most important sources that have been used in both ancient and recent to many facture variants, types of medical drugs  and that was the aim of the current study to find safe, effective and available natural alternatives by measuring the therapeutic effect of the alcoholic extract of tannins before and after the acid hydrolysis of the extract, in laboratory mice experimentally infected with C. parvum  and using three therapeutic concentrations (2, 1.3, 1) mg / ml, and the alcoholic extract before the acid hydrolysis proved  its therapeutic efficacy with a noticeable decrease in the number of Oocyst  excreted with the feces, as the Oocyst were no longer excreted from the ninth day of the treatment. Parasite Oocyst on the fifth day of treatment were treated by oral administration of the extract in infected mice, in the other hand the current study recorded that Cryptosporidiais as a common disease in the study area, with infection rate of 26%

The Effect of Bio, Organic and Mineral Fertilizations on the Activity of the Urease, L-Glutaminase and L-Aspartase Enzymes in the Soil

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of various sources of fertilizers on the activity of urease, L-glutaminase, and L-aspartase enzymes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Pots experiment was carried out in the wire canopy in one of the fields affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture - the University of Qadisiyah for the summer season 2018 in soil with a silty loam texture. Seeds of mung bean crops were cultivated of a local variety (Khedrawi). The treatments of the study were two levels of nitrogenous mineral fertilizer (urea) (M1 and M2) (20 and 40) kg.N.h-1, respectively, a single level of organic fertilizer (poultry waste) (10 tons h-1), a single level of bio-fertilizer with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, the control, and their interactions. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D) with six replications. Means were compared according to the (L.S.D) test at the probability level (α=0.05(. The efficiency of urase, L-clotamene, and L-aspartase in the soil of the root zoon and bulk soil were estimated for all study parameters 30 days after planting. These measurements were done once again for some characteristics of vegetative and root growth after 60 days of planting. The bio-fertilizer treatment (B) resulted in the highest increase in the efficiency of the urease enzyme and L-aspartase for 30 days of cultivation compared to the control treatment that recorded the least value of the enzyme activity average (45.22 and 42.54) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. These values were increased after 60 days of cultivation (45.34 and 43.16) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. This treatment achieves the highest increase in the activity of L-enzymes (25.89 and 24.72) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and beyond. It increased after 60 days of cultivation (26.23 and 25.06) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. The treatment of poultry wastes (O) resulted in the highest increase in the value of the activity of the L-clotamines enzyme in the rhizosphere and bulk soils for a period of 30 days from planting (43.47 and 57.39) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. Its activity values then increased after 60 days of cultivation, reaching (44.33 and 40.43) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The overlap treatment between poultry residues and biofertilizers (OB) achieved the highest increase in the activity value for the urase enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and distant soil for 30 days of cultivation (54.47, 46.84 and 28.28 µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and (49.14, 37.81 and 23.94) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The activity of enzymes then increased after 60 days of cultivation (54.56, 47.69 and 28.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (49.23, 38.67 and 24.18) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The combination treatments between poultry residues, bio-fertilizer, and urea at level II (OBM2) achieved the highest increase in the activity values for urease enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and bulk soil for 30 days of cultivation (58.46, 48.58 and 30.40) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively for the rhizosphere, and (54.13, 46.30 and 27.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The activity of enzymes then increased 60 days after planting (58.55, 49.44 and 30.74) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (54.22, 47.15 and 27.96) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, outside the rhizosphere

Breast cancer risk assessment by Gail Model in women of Baghdad

Objectives: To assess the high incidence of breast cancer (BC) and the effect of its early diagnosis on decreasing morbidity and mortality among Iraqi women.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and data were collected from 250 women in Baghdad by a questionnaire consisted of demographic and breast cancer risk (BCR) factors questions. Brest cancer risk was calculated using the BCR Assessment Tool (BCRAT) of the National Cancer Institute’s online version (Gail Model).Results: The average age of women was 45.46± 9.2 years. Twenty-six (10.4%) women have first degree relatives who had BC and three of them have more than one. More than half of the women 136 (54.4%) had their menarche at 12–13 years of age. Half of them 126 (50.4%) had their first birth at <30 year of age.The mean five year BCR for all women was 0.95 ± 1.4%, and 19 (7.6%) of them had a five year BCR ≥ 1.7%. Mean lifetime BCR up to age 90 years was 11.13 ± 4.7% and 6 (2.4%) women had high risk. Based on these findings, it can be suggested that employing Gail Model for BCR assessment can help healthcare providers in Iraq to estimate an individual’s probability of developing BC for screening and prevention.Keywords: Breast cancer risk; Gail Model; Ira

Cache Coherence Protocol Design and Simulation Using IES (Invalid Exclusive read/write Shared) State

To improve the efficiency of a processor in recent multiprocessor systems to deal with data, cache memories are used to access data instead of main memory which reduces the latency of delay time. In such systems, when installing different caches in different processors in shared memory architecture, the difficulties appear when there is a need to maintain consistency between the cache memories of different processors. So, cache coherency protocol is very important in such kinds of system. MSI, MESI, MOSI, MOESI, etc. are the famous protocols to solve cache coherency problem. We have proposed in this research integrating two states of MESI's cache coherence protocol which are Exclusive and Modified, which responds to a request from reading and writing at the same time and that are exclusive to these requests. Also back to the main memory from one of the other processor that has a modified state is removed in using a proposed protocol when it is invalidated as a result of writing to that location that has the same address because in all cases it depends on the latest value written and if back to memory is used to protect data from loss; preprocessing steps to IES protocol is used to maintain and saving data in main memory when it evict from the cache. All of this leads to increased processor efficiency by reducing access to main memor

Modulation of macrophage and epithelial cell immune defences by probiotic bacteria: immune stimulation versus suppression

Abstract Probiotic bacteria are live organisms, if consumed in adequate amounts might confer health benefits. These bacteria, such as Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), include a number of strains that have specific health promoting activi-ties, attributed to their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Gut mucosal macrophage subsets play a fundamental role in driving muco-sal immune responses. These include, tolerance, associated with an M2-, regulatory macrophage phenotype and inflammatory activation with an M1-like phenotype. The cross-link between mucosal tolerance and inflammatory cytokine suppression, and augmentation of IL-10 production in the gut relate to endotoxin tolerance. Endotoxin tolerance is a context; it could present an example for cell drive through a hypo-responsive state. An example is mu-cosal inflammatory pathologies, such as Crohn’s disease. When tolerance is broken, causing the destruction of gut mucosal tissue. This is where the macrophage phenotype, has been transformed from a regulatory M2- to an inflammatory M1-like phenotype. This is seen as a reaction to both, patho-genic and commensal bacteria. This investigation was aimed at assessing the activities of live probiotic bacteria; Lactobacillus salivarius strain MS13 and Lactobacillus plantarum strain C28 in the immunomodulation of macro-phage subsets in health, inflammation, and endotoxin tolerance. M1- and M2-like macrophages were generated in vitro from the THP-1 monocyte cell line by differentiation with PMA and Vitamin D3, respectively. Additionally, differentiated epithelial cells (Caco-2) were obtained by long term culturing for 21 days. The role of Lactobacillus strains C28 and MS13 to modulate epi-thelial barrier integrity and macrophage-epithelial cell inflammation was in-vestigated. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-23, IL-12, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were quanti-fied by ELISA and RT-PCR, whereas TLR-2, TLR-4, Tollip, SOCS3, STAT3 and TRAIL by RT-PCR. This study revealed that, first, live C28 and MS13 stimulated the proinflammatory cytokine by M2-like macrophages as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine in a homeostatic status; whereas in an in-flammatory environment, C28 and MS13 differentially upregulated TNFα and IL-1β by M1 and M2-like macrophages induced by E.coli K12-LPS. Both strains downregulated K12-LPS induced IL-10 by M2-like macrophages. The response of stimulated M1 and M2 macrophages to C28 and MS13, was to differentially induce the gene expression of TLR-2, TLR-4, Tollip, NLRP3, SOCS-3, STAT3 and TRAIL. Second, the repeat-stimulation/tolerisation of M1 and M2 macrophages by live probiotic bacteria revealed, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-23, IL-18, IL-6 and IL-10 were upregulated in M1-like macrophages by C28, whereas MS13 upregulated TNFα, IL-1β, IL-18, and downregulated IL-12, IL-6, and IL-10. On the other hand, the tolerisation of M2-like macrophages by C28 and MS13 resulted in the downregulation of TNFα and IL-12p35 and upregulation of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-23, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-10. These findings were linked with the differential macrophage subset upregulation of TLR-4, NLRP3, STAT-3 and TRAIL gene expression. On the other hand, TLR-2, Tol-lip and SOCS-3 were downregulated in tolerised macrophage subsets by C28 and MS13. Furthermore, the role of lactobacilli strains C28 and MS13 in the modulation of endotoxin tolerance was to; upregulate TNF-α, IL-18, IL-23 and IL-10 by M1 and M2-like macrophages. This investigation also focused on the induction of the zona-occludin-1 (Zo-1), human β defensin-2 (hBD-2), and cytokine production IL-8 by Caco-2 cells. Trans epithelial electrical re-sistance (TEER) and RT-PCR measured the main cytokines studied pro-duced by Caco-2, were IL-8, also the epithelial barrier function. Live probiotic C28 and MS13 suppressed the production of IL-8 (in the presence or ab-sence TNFα and IL-1β). Moreover, in the co-culture of Caco-2 with macro-phage subsets, MS13 enhanced the expression of hBD-2 and ZO-1. These findings allow for the better understanding of live probiotic roles on macro-phage subsets functions and endotoxin tolerisation mechanisms, which may be beneficial for the development of in vivo models of probiotic bacteria and therapeutic targeting of inflammatory bowel disease.Iraqi Cultural attach