“Following a Simplified Scheme”: Project Development and Launch of Production at the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill

Поступила в редакцию: 15.09.2021. Принята к печати: 29.12.2022.Submitted: 15.09.2021. Accepted: 29.12.2022.В годы реализации первых советских пятилетних планов было уделено большое внимание целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли. В структуре лесопромышленного комплекса этот компонент отличался слабым уровнем развития. Ставка была сделана на создание средних и крупных целлюлозно-бумажных производств. В Предуралье, где имелись крупные запасы лесных ресурсов и реки, было возведено несколько комбинатов. Сформировался крупнейший на Урале и в восточных районах СССР центр целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли. Целью статьи является изучение размещения, проектирования и начала работы Соликамского сульфитно-целлюлозного комбината. В середине 1930-х гг. было принято решение о строительстве предприятия. Его проект предполагал инновационные для целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли технологические решения. Сроки пуска комбината несколько раз переносились, проект перерабатывался, строительство было передано от Наркомлеса СССР в ведение НКВД СССР. В 1940 г. Соликамский сульфитно-целлюлозный комбинат выделился в самостоятельное предприятие, однако его сооружение продолжалось. В марте 1941 г., за три месяца до начала Великой Отечественной войны, предприятие начало выработку целлюлозы. Пуск комбината стал возможен только по упрощенной схеме — из-за отсутствия или неисправностей части оборудования. Производительность предприятия была установлена в незначительных объемах. К тому же не хватало рабочей силы, поскольку оплата труда почти не отличалась от других целлюлозно-бумажных предприятий Предуралья. С началом войны партийно-государственные органы и хозяйственные ведомства продолжили сооружение и дооснащение Соликамского сульфитно-целлюлозного комбината. Положительно сказались на развитии предприятия эвакуация ряда производств, начало работы сульфитно-спиртового завода и строительство поблизости оборонного завода. Это позволило комбинату развить кооперационные связи, освоить новые виды продукции.During the years of implementation of the first Soviet five-year plans, great attention was paid to the pulp and paper industry. In the forest industry structure, this component was characterised by a weak level of development. The bet was made on the creation of medium and large pulp and paper industries. In the Urals, where there were large reserves of forest resources and rivers, they built several plants. The largest centre of the pulp and paper industry in the Urals and in the eastern regions of the USSR was formed. The purpose of this article is to study the location, design, and launch of production of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill. In the mid-1930s, it was decided to build an enterprise. The project involved innovative technological solutions for the pulp and paper industry. The launch of the plant was postponed several times, the project was altered, and the construction was entrusted from the People’s Commissariat of Forest Industry of the USSR to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1940, the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill became an independent enterprise, but its construction continued. In March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the company began the production of pulp. The production was only possible within a simplified scheme due to the absence or malfunction of equipment. The performance of the enterprise was set in insignificant volumes. With the outbreak of war, partystate bodies and economic departments continued the construction of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill and providing additional equipment. The company’s development was boosted by the evacuation of several industries, the start of the sulphite waste liquor alcohol plant and the construction of a defense plant nearby. This allowed the plant to develop cooperative ties and master new types of products.Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 21-09-43024 «Пространственное размещение промышленности СССР в годы предвоенных пятилеток: замысел и результат».The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 21-09-43024 “Spatial Distribution of the Industry of the USSR in the Years of the Pre-War Five-Year Plans: The Idea and the Result”

Dynamics of Economic Indicators in the Forest Industrial Complex of the Urals During the Great Patriotic War

During the Great Patriotic War, the timber industry complex of the Urals played an important role in the economy of the region and the Soviet Union. Based on the statistical data introduced by the researcher A.A. Antufiev, analyzed the dynamics of the value of industrial fixed assets and gross output, including per worker, in the timber industry of the Urals. Conclusions are made about the increase in the value of assets, the decrease in the value of gross output, the lag of the actual labor productivity of workers from the indicators of the industry of the Urals and the Soviet Union.В годы Великой Отечественной войны лесопромышленный комплекс Урала играл важную роль в экономике региона и Советского Союза. На основе статистических данных, введенных в оборот исследователем А.А. Антуфьевым, предпринят анализ динамики стоимости производственных основных фондов и валовой продукции, в том числе из расчета на одного рабочего, в лесной промышленности Урала. Сделаны выводы об увеличении стоимости фондов, уменьшении стоимости валовой продукции, отставании фактической производительности труда рабочих от показателей промышленности Урала и Советского Союза

New stratigraphic data on the quaternary sediments in the Peschanaya River Valley, Northwestern Altai

© 2017 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This paper presents new data on the structure and the lithological, pedological, paleontological, and paleomagnetic features of the Middle and Upper Quaternary sediments in the Peschanaya River valley, the foothills of northwestern Altai. Those horizons contain a loess-soil sequence and sediments relating to two Middle Pleistocene interglacials. On the basis of palynological characteristics of one of the Middle Pleistocene interglacials, the succession of fl oras during the respective stages is reconstructed. The Middle Pleistocene interglacial fl oras of Western Siberia are compared with that reconstructed on the basis of the Karama site, evidencing marked differences. The fl ora around Karama included broad-leaved taxa, which were absent during the Middle Pleistocene interglacials of Western Siberia, when apart from modern arboreal taxa, only cold-resistant broad-leaved ones were present (Tilia, Corylus, Ulmus, and Juglans). The Karama fl ora resembles the last Western Siberian thermophilic fl ora-Barnaul, which existed during the long climatic warming of the Early Pleistocene, corresponding to the Tiglian in northwestern Europe (2.23-1.59 Ma BP). Since the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, interglacial fl oras of Western Siberia have resembled modern ones. In terms of phytocenotic and palaeoclimatic features, Middle Pleistocene interglacial environments of Western Siberia display a sharp contrast with those of Barnaul and Karama

Development of Consumers' Behavior Business Model on Energy Market

The pace of transformation in the electric power industry around the world is gaining momentum due to the rapid development of technology. The possibilities for choosing the electric power company, as well as consumers of their products, are increasing. The role of the distributed energy is enhancing, which contributes to the development of supply and demand in this market. In this regard, approaches to management in the energy markets are changing to address the problems of cross-subsidization. The introduction of new technologies in the management of generating and network facilities makes it possible to become ‘active consumers' in the energy market. The purpose of our study is to assess the impact of cross-subsidies on changing the active consumers' behavior in the energy market. We propose a mathematical model of the behavior of ‘active consumers' of the energy market, which allows the participants of the energy market to make decisions to ‘buy' or to ‘produce their own' electrical energy and provides recommendations for determining the economic benefits for active consumers of the energy market. The results of our study showed that the proposed model could be effective for energy sales companies and regulators for multi-agent modeling of consumers' response to tariff mechanisms of demand-side management; it also can be useful for assessing the economic effect for the consumer who participates in demand-side management. Keywords: active consumer, energy market, demand-side management, tariff; mathematical model. JEL Classifications: D24; Q43; M3

Two Novel Amyloid Proteins, RopA and RopB, from the Root Nodule Bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum

Amyloids represent protein fibrils with a highly ordered spatial structure, which not only cause dozens of incurable human and animal diseases but also play vital biological roles in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Despite the fact that association of bacterial amyloids with microbial pathogenesis and infectious diseases is well known, there is a lack of information concerning the amyloids of symbiotic bacteria. In this study, using the previously developed proteomic method for screening and identification of amyloids (PSIA), we identified amyloidogenic proteins in the proteome of the root nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum. Among 54 proteins identified, we selected two proteins, RopA and RopB, which are predicted to have β-barrel structure and are likely to be involved in the control of plant-microbial symbiosis. We demonstrated that the full-length RopA and RopB form bona fide amyloid fibrils in vitro. In particular, these fibrils are β-sheet-rich, bind Thioflavin T (ThT), exhibit green birefringence upon staining with Congo Red (CR), and resist treatment with ionic detergents and proteases. The heterologously expressed RopA and RopB intracellularly aggregate in yeast and assemble into amyloid fibrils at the surface of Escherichia coli. The capsules of the R. leguminosarum cells bind CR, exhibit green birefringence, and contain fibrils of RopA and RopB in vivo.This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant 17-16-01100

Experience of image-analysis of rye grain

The article presents the results of image analysis of size and color of rye grains of different color that is controlled by known genes. It was studied 23 samples of rye with the color of the grain visually described as yellow, green, brown and violet. Software GrainScan developed for wheat was adapted for computer analysis of digital images of rye kernels obtained with flatbed scanner. Software along with size allows calculating three-coordinates of color in three-dimensional color space CIEL*a*b*. Based on coordinate values a* and b* calculation of two additional parameters - C* and h* describing the saturation (purity) and tone (the color itself) of the grains, respectively, was made. It is shown that the individual analysis of size and color characteristics of the kernels give low values of standard errors. This allows revealing pairs of forms, which differ from each other for any of the studied parameters. The color of the rye grain cannot be described as the saturated color of one of the tones. In accordance to values of h*, it was possible to divide four visually selected groups into three ones. A composition of groups correspond to lack of anthocyanins in caryopsis (anthocyaninless, yellow-seeded, brown-seeded samples), the presence of anthocyanins in the aleurone layer (green-seeded samples) and the presence of anthocyanins in the pericarp (violet-seeded samples). The data obtained are discussed in connection with literature data on visual description of colors of rye grain, type of pigments, and the coloring of the individual layers of rye kernel

New stratigraphic data on the quaternary sediments in the Peschanaya River Valley, Northwestern Altai

© 2017 Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. This paper presents new data on the structure and the lithological, pedological, paleontological, and paleomagnetic features of the Middle and Upper Quaternary sediments in the Peschanaya River valley, the foothills of northwestern Altai. Those horizons contain a loess-soil sequence and sediments relating to two Middle Pleistocene interglacials. On the basis of palynological characteristics of one of the Middle Pleistocene interglacials, the succession of fl oras during the respective stages is reconstructed. The Middle Pleistocene interglacial fl oras of Western Siberia are compared with that reconstructed on the basis of the Karama site, evidencing marked differences. The fl ora around Karama included broad-leaved taxa, which were absent during the Middle Pleistocene interglacials of Western Siberia, when apart from modern arboreal taxa, only cold-resistant broad-leaved ones were present (Tilia, Corylus, Ulmus, and Juglans). The Karama fl ora resembles the last Western Siberian thermophilic fl ora-Barnaul, which existed during the long climatic warming of the Early Pleistocene, corresponding to the Tiglian in northwestern Europe (2.23-1.59 Ma BP). Since the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, interglacial fl oras of Western Siberia have resembled modern ones. In terms of phytocenotic and palaeoclimatic features, Middle Pleistocene interglacial environments of Western Siberia display a sharp contrast with those of Barnaul and Karama

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