315 research outputs found
Climbing the Entrepreneurial Ladder: The Role of Gender
We investigate whether women and men differ with respect to the steps they take in the entrepreneurial process, distinguishing between five successive steps described by the following positions: (1) "never thought about it"; (2) "thinking about starting up a business"; (3) "taking steps to start a business"; (4) "running a business for less than three years"; (5) "running a business for more than three years". This paper provides insights into the manner in which women and men climb the entrepreneurial ladder and the factors that influence their position on the ladder. We use data from the 2006 "Flash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurship" consisting of more than 10,000 observations for 25 member states of the European Union, Norway, Iceland and the United States. Findings suggest that for men it is easier to climb the ladder and that this may be attributed partly to their higher tolerance of risk.entrepreneurship;determinants;gender;ordered multinomial logit;nascent entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneurial Ladder and its Determinants
We test a new model where the entrepreneurial decision is described as a process of successive engagement levels, i.e., as an entrepreneurial ladder. Five levels are distinguished using nearly 12,000 observations from the 2004 âFlash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurshipâ covering the 25 European Union member states and the United States. The most surprising of the many results is that perception of lack of financial support is no obstacle for moving to a higher entrepreneurial engagement level whereas perceived administrative complexity is a significant obstacle. We also show that the effect of age on the probability of moving forward in the entrepreneurial process becomes negative after a certain age implying that if entrepreneurial engagements are not taken early enough in life they may well never be taken
Climbing the Entrepreneurial Ladder: The Role of Gender
We investigate whether women and men differ with respect to the steps they take in the entrepreneurial process, distinguishing between five successive steps described by the following positions: (1) "never thought about it"; (2) "thinking about starting up a business"; (3) "taking steps to start a business"; (4) "running a business for less than three years"; (5) "running a business for more than three years". This paper provides insights into the manner in which women and men climb the entrepreneurial ladder and the factors that influence their position on the ladder. We use data from the 2006 "Flash Eurobarometer survey on Entrepreneurship" consisting of more than 10,000 observations for 25 member states of the European Union, Norway, Iceland and the United States. Findings suggest that for men it is easier to climb the ladder and that this may be attributed partly to their higher tolerance of risk
Entrepreneurial Progress: Climbing The Entrepreneurial Ladder in Europe and The US
We investigate which countries have the highest potential to achieve entrepreneurial progress. This progress is defined using an entrepreneurial ladder with five successive steps: ânever thought about starting a businessâ, âthinking about starting a businessâ, âtaking steps to start a businessâ, ârunning a business for less than three yearsâ, and ârunning a business for more than three yearsâ. We assess the influence of individual-level and country-level variables on progression through these stages. Data are used from the 2007 âFlash Eurobarometer Survey on Entrepreneurshipâ, covering 27 European countries and the United States. We find that countries display large variation in the ease with which businesses come into existence and survive. In the US many people think about setting up a business whereas Europeans are better at achieving higher levels of engagement. Particularly in Austria, France and Lithuania there appear to be low probabilities to advance in the process. Our analysis suggests that country differences can be explained by the level of economic development and risk tolerance while the administrative and financial climate play a role for some steps. The paper also provides results on the influence of individual-level demographic and obstacle perception variables
Perceived credit constraints in the European Union
The promotion and support of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) forms an essential ingredient of the policies designed to help improve Europeâs economic performance. A key issue is whether SMEs face difficulty obtaining bank loans. Using pre-crisis survey data from 2005 and 2006 for nearly 3,500 SMEs (firms with fewer than 250 employees) in the European Union (EU), we investigate the determinants of perceived bank loan accessibility at the firm level and at the country level. Based on hierarchical (multi-level) binomial logit regressions, our findings show that the youngest and smallest SMEs have the worst perceptions regarding access to bank loans. The SMEs in nations with concentrated banking sectors are more positive about loan accessibility. In addition, a high fraction of foreign-owned banks is associated with improved perceptions regarding loan accessibility in the EU 15 but not in the EU 10
Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs
The scholarly literature often distinguishes between so-called opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship and between âpullâ and âpushâ motivations. Despite the pervasive use of this terminology, empirical analyses are mostly based on a single country. The present paper contribut
Predictors of self-perceived cultural responsiveness in entry-level physiotherapy students in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand
Background: Ensuring physiotherapy students are well prepared to work safely and effectively in culturally diverse societies upon graduation is vital. Therefore, determining whether physiotherapy programs are effectively developing the cultural responsiveness of students is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the level of self-perceived cultural responsiveness of entry level physiotherapy students during their training, and explore the factors that might be associated with these levels. Methods: A cross sectional study of physiotherapy students from nine universities across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire containing three parts: The Cultural Competence Assessment tool, Altemeyerâs Dogmatism scale, and the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale- short form. Demographic data relating to university, program, and level of study were also collected. Data was analysed using one-way ANOVA, t-tests and multiple regression analysis. Results: A total of 817 (19% response rate) students participated in this study. Overall, students had a moderate level of self-perceived cultural responsiveness (Mean (SD) = 5.15 (0.67)). Fewer number of weeks of clinical placement attended, lower levels of dogmatism, and greater social desirability were related to greater self-perceived cultural responsiveness. Additionally, fourth year undergraduate students perceived themselves to be less culturally responsive than first and second year students (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results provide educators with knowledge about the level of self-perceived cultural responsiveness in physiotherapy students, and the factors that may need to be assessed and addressed to support the development of culturally responsive practice
Assessment of the appropriate use criteria for amyloid PET in an unselected memory clinic cohort: The ABIDE project
Introduction
The objective of this study was to assess the usefulness of the appropriate use criteria (AUC) for amyloid imaging in an unselected cohort.
Methods
We calculated sensitivity and specificity of appropriate use (increased confidence and management change), as defined by Amyloid Imaging Taskforce in the AUC, and other clinical utility outcomes. Furthermore, we compared differences in postâpositron emission tomography diagnosis and management change between âAUC-consistentâ and âAUC-inconsistentâ patients.
Results
Almost half (250/507) of patients were AUC-consistent. In both AUC-consistent and AUC-inconsistent patients, postâpositron emission tomography diagnosis (28%â21%) and management (32%â17%) change was substantial. The Amyloid Imaging Taskforce's definition of appropriate use occurred in 55/507 (13%) patients, detected by the AUC with a sensitivity of 93%, and a specificity of 56%. Diagnostic changes occurred independently of AUC status (sensitivity: 57%, specificity: 53%).
Discussion
The current AUC are not sufficiently able to discriminate between patients who will benefit from amyloid positron emission tomography and those who will not
Hydrodynamic fluctuations in the Kolmogorov flow: Linear regime
The Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamics is used to study the
statistical properties of the linearized Kolmogorov flow. The relative
simplicity of this flow allows a detailed analysis of the fluctuation spectrum
from near equilibrium regime up to the vicinity of the first convective
instability threshold. It is shown that in the long time limit the flow behaves
as an incompressible fluid, regardless of the value of the Reynolds number.
This is not the case for the short time behavior where the incompressibility
assumption leads in general to a wrong form of the static correlation
functions, except near the instability threshold. The theoretical predictions
are confirmed by numerical simulations of the full nonlinear fluctuating
hydrodynamic equations.Comment: 20 pages, 4 figure
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