Effect of tenofovir disoproxil and telbivudine on the growth and development of infants by blocking mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus

Purpose: To investigate the effect of tenofovir disoproxil and telbivudine on the growth and development of infants after blocking mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Methods: Seventy pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were recruited and allocated to tenofovir disoproxil group (n = 35) and telbivudine group (n = 35) using random number table method. Tenofovir disoproxil group was given 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil orally four times daily, while telbivudine group was given telbivudine 600 mg orally four times daily. Results: After treatment, both groups showed no significant differences in serum HBV-DNA and ALT levels before delivery and 3 months after delivery (p > 0.05). Both groups showed no remarkable differences in the incidence of hypohydramnios, cholestasis, hypothyroidism, anemia, prolonged labor, fetal distress, and placental adhesions (p > 0.05). Both groups showed no significant differences in the rates of premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, vaginal delivery, and cesarean section (p > 0.05). Both groups showed no significant differences in neonatal sex, gestational age at birth, weight, length, and Apgar scores (p > 0.05). The differences in the positive rates of HBVsAg, HBsAb, and HBeAg at birth and at 12 months were not statistically noticeable (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Tenofovir disoproxil and telbivudine reduce HBV-DNA levels, effectively blocks MTCT, and have a similar safety profile for infants. Further investigations to confirm t

Rare-Earth-Metal Complexes Bearing Phosphazene Ancillary Ligands: Structures and Catalysis toward Highly Trans-1,4-Selective (Co)Polymerizations of Conjugated Dienes

The bis-arylated phosphazene compounds [HN­(PPh₂NAr)₂] (Ar = phenyl (HL¹), 2,6-dimethylphenyl (HL²), 2,6-diisopropylphenyl (HL³)) and the imidodiphosphinate compound HN­(PPh₂O)₂ (HL⁴) have been prepared via the Staudinger reaction. Treatment of the neutral compounds HL¹, HL², and HL³ with Ln­(CH₂SiMe₃)₃(THF)₂ (Ln = Sc, Y, Lu) generated the solvent-free bis­(alkyl) complexes L¹Ln­(CH₂SiMe₃)₂ (Ln = Sc (<b>1a</b>), Y (<b>1b</b>), Lu (<b>1c</b>)), L²Sc­(CH₂SiMe₃)₂ (<b>2a</b>), L³Y­(CH₂SiMe₃)₂ (<b>3b</b>), and L³Lu­(CH₂SiMe₃)₂ (<b>3c</b>), respectively. The reaction between HL⁴ and Y­(CH₂SiMe₃)₃(THF)₂ gave the rare zwitterionic complex <b>4b</b>. Lithiation of the ligand HL¹ by <i>n</i>BuLi followed by a metathesis reaction with Nd­(BH₄)₃(THF)₃ afforded the corresponding complex L¹Nd­(BH₄)₂(THF)₂ (<b>5</b>). Complexes <b>1</b> upon incorporation of [Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄] and Al<i>i</i>Bu₃ led to ternary systems that initiated isoprene polymerization with high activities, among which complex <b>1a</b> was the first example of a scandium catalytic precursor providing trans-1,4-selectivity (90.0%), while the lutetium analogue <b>1c</b> had medium trans-1,4-selectivity (54.3%) and the yttrium complex <b>1b</b> exhibited high cis-1,4-selectivity (76.3%). The ternary system based on the zwitterion <b>4b</b> displayed the highest activity for the isoprene polymerization among these complexes and gave cis-1,4-regularity-enriched polyisoprene (70.6%). Highly stereospecific homopolymerizations of isoprene (trans-1,4-content: 97.0%) and butadiene (trans-1,4-content: 94.0%) were achieved by using the borohydrido complex <b>5</b> upon the activation of dibutylmagnesium. The copolymerization of isoprene and butadiene with <b>1a</b>/[Ph₃C]­[B­(C₆F₅)₄/Al<i>i</i>Bu₃] gave randomly arranged trans-1,4-regulated polybutadiene and polyisoprene sequences. The kinetics study displayed competitive polymerization rates of <i>r</i>_BD = 2.89 and <i>r</i>_IP = 0.41. The thermal behaviors of the (co)­polymers were investigated

Drug Resistance and Virological Failure among HIV-Infected Patients after a Decade of Antiretroviral Treatment Expansion in Eight Provinces of China

<div><p>Background</p><p>China’s National Free Antiretroviral Treatment Program (NFATP) has substantially increased the survival rate since 2002. However, the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) limits the durability and effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in at risk patients.</p><p>Method</p><p>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients having received a median of 13.9 months of ART in eight provinces in China. Demographic and clinical information was collected, and venous blood was sampled for CD4 cell counts, measurement of the HIV viral load (VL), and HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) genotyping. Possible risk factors for HIVDR were analyzed by the logistic regression model.</p><p>Results</p><p>The study included 765 patients. Among them, 65 patients (8.5%) had virological failure (VLF) defined as ≥1,000 copies/ml. Among the individuals with VLF, 64 were successful genotyped, and of these, 33 had one or more HIVDR mutations. The prevalence of HIVDR mutations among patients receiving first-line ART was 4.3% (33/765). All of the patients with HIVDR mutations were resistant to non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitors, 81.8% were resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and only 3% had mutations that caused resistance to protease inhibitors. Having lower ratios of drug intake in the past month and dwelling in two southwestern provinces were factors independently associated with the emergence of HIVDR.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Most patients receiving first-line ART treatment achieved sound virological and immunological outcomes. However, poor adherence is still a key problem, which has led to the high rate of HIVDR. It was notable that the proportion of drug resistance widely varied among the provinces. More studies are needed to focus on adherence.</p></div

Characteristics of HIV patients receiving ART in China.

<p>Characteristics of HIV patients receiving ART in China.</p

Factors associated with HIV drug resistance among patients receiving ART in China.

<p>Factors associated with HIV drug resistance among patients receiving ART in China.</p