Dismantling the Walls: Peer-Facilitated Inter-Race/Ethnic Dialogue Processes and Experiences

Also PCMA Working Paper #49.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/51296/1/532.pd

Views and issues in action research.

Action research provides unique opportunities for the development of innovative forms of inquiry and action. However, there is considerable disagreement among practitioners about what action research is, who it is "for" and how it should be done. This dissertation explores the theory and practice of action research, as reflected in the literature and a thematic analysis of interviews with thirty-one action research practitioners. It is not an attempt to define what "true" or "real" action research is, but an effort to construct a conceptual framework to facilitate dialogue about issues and differences in action research practice. Practitioners were asked to describe a project they considered to be an example of action research. Using the method of grounded theory, the interview data were used to create seven composite profiles. These seven profiles were clustered further to identify three different views of action research: a "restricted" view which is micro-based and emphasizes social efficiency and traditional research; a "broad" view which is macro-oriented and emphasizes empowerment and social action; and a "mixed" view which attempts to integrate aspects of each of these approaches. The differences between these views in regard to how action research is conceptualized, their specific goals and desired outcomes and the perceived relationship between the relative centrality of research and action provide the major dimensions upon which differences among action researchers might be identified. Specific methodologies, processes and roles associated with each view are also explored. This study suggests that prior literature proposing dichotomous approaches to action research fails to address the complexity that exists in the field. Writings which discuss action research from a theoretical or ideological standpoint tend to overlook practical considerations such as time, resources and the involvement of community members. It was found that these factors influenced research design and implementation. Although action researchers encounter many similar issues and dilemmas, the differences among them in regard to the theory and process of social change are most significant. However, researcher's institutional affiliation and the "politics" of particular projects and their social settings also significantly influence action research practice.Ph.D.EducationUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/103164/1/9303847.pdfDescription of 9303847.pdf : Restricted to UM users only

Angina de Prinzmetal Angina de Prinzmetal Prinzmetal's angina

Essa síndrome é causada por um espasmo focal de uma artéria coronária epicárdica, levando a isquemia miocárdica grave. Embora freqüentemente acredite-se que o espasmo ocorra em artérias sem estenose, muitos pacientes com angina de Prinzmetal apresentam espasmo adjacente a placas ateromatosas. A causa exata do espasmo não está bem definida, mas pode estar relacionada à hipercontratilidade do músculo liso vascular devido a mitógenos vasoconstrictores, leucotrienos ou serotonina. Em alguns pacientes, é uma manifestação de distúrbio vasoespástico e está associado à migrânea, fenômeno de Raynaud ou asma induzida por aspirina. Apresentamos um caso associado com depressão transitória do segmento ST.<br>Este síndrome es causado por un espasmo focal de una arteria coronaria epicárdica, llevando a isquemia miocárdica grave. Aunque frecuentemente se crea que el espasmo ocurra en arterias sin estenosis, muchos pacientes con angina de Prinzmetal presentan espasmo adyacente a placas ateromatosas. La causa exacta del espasmo no está bien definida, pero puede estar relacionada a la hipercontractilidad del músculo liso vascular debido a mitógenos vasoconstrictores, leucotrienos o serotonina. En algunos pacientes, es una manifestación de disturbio vasoespástico y está asociado a la migraña, fenómeno de Raynaud o asma inducida por aspirina. Presentamos un caso asociado con depresión transitoria del segmento ST.<br>This syndrome is due to focal spasm of an epicardial coronary artery, leading to severe myocardial ischemia. Although it is frequently thought that the spasm occurs in arteries without stenosis, many Prinzmetal patients have spasm adjacent to atheromatous plaques. The exact cause of the spasm has not been well defined, but it may be related to the hypercontractility of the vascular smooth muscle due to vasoconstrictor mitogens, leukotrienes, or serotonin. In some patients, it is a manifestation of a vasospastic disorder and it is associated with migraine, Raynaud's phenomenon, or aspirin-induced asthma. We present a case associated with transient ST-segment depression